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A chimpanzee is our closest living ancestor (share 98% of DNA sequence), what adaptations to the skeleton system of humans do you think were most important?
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- A human forearm, a horse's front leg, a bat's wing, and a porpoise's flipper have similar bone structure. What conclusions can we draw from the similarities in bone structure between these mammals? a. Such homologies do not exist in other areas of the vertebrate skeleton. b. Similarities among vertebrate forelimbs suggest they evolved from a common ancestor. c. Similarities among vertebrate forelimbs suggest they have evolved convergently. d. The anatomy of the vertebrate forelimb is not currently undergoing natural selection. e. Differences among vertebrate forelimbs suggest that they evolved independently.(1) What is the most common way for a dead organism to avoid decomposition? (2) Why do researchers look for fossils in places that are now dry and barren instead of other places like forests or grasslands? (3) What kind of dating from the lecture or textbook would be the best method for finding the number of years ago when a volcanic rock was formed? (4) Why is the pelvis of a biped shorter and wider than the pelvis of a quadruped? (5) Does the overall shape of Lucy’s pelvis resemble the human pelvis or the chimpanzee pelvis more? Do not think of the size, but compare the outlines of each bone. This is Lucy's skelton below.The australopiths differed from the common chimpanzee in: a the number of different kinds of teeth on each side of each jaw. b the spacing of the orbits (eye-sockets) on the face. c the inability to rotate the arm around the shoulder joint. d the shape of the pelvis. e the lack of an opposable thumb. Which of the following skeletal parts would be most useful for determining whether a 4-million-year-old species was a hominin (vs. an ape)? a the clavicle (collarbone) b the part of the skull that shows the spacing between the orbits c the proximal (shoulder) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) d the distal (knee) end of the femur (thigh bone) e a lower left jaw with two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars By 3 million years ago, the australopithecines were: a extinct in Africa but common in Southeast Asia b common in East and South Africa c adapting to cold glacial climates in…
- All mammals share a similar structure of the vertebrae in common. For instance, in spite of its height, the giraffe has the very same number of neck bones (seven) as a giant whale and a tiny human being. How does this show evidence of a common ancestor?The ancestors of extant tetrapods first evolved the ability to live out of water over 350 million years ago. Which of the following had to have been true for natural selection to have favored the original evolution of limbs? A) Closely related lineages that remained in the ocean must have gone extinct. There must have been differences in survival and or/reproduction based on size, musculature, bones or other (B functional aspects of early limbs. Large predators must have been a major source of mortality for populations that spent more time in the water and less on land. The ability of some ancestral fish-tetrapod transitional forms to move from one body of water to another during D droughts must have led to decreased mortality. E There must have been less competition for food on land.Describe the evolutionary changes that had to occur to go from a Osteichthyes to a mammal. What were the critical features that had to evolve?
- Are there any major differences between extant apes skulls and old world monkey skulls? Take into account their anatomy, structure, and dentition.What skeletal structures behind the mandibular arch in the dogfish appear to be homologous with the mandibular arch? What features of the dogfish appear to be homologous with the spiracle? What supportive function does the hyomandibular have in the dogfish? Fig 13.2 Basic skeletal structures of the head of a small shark known as a dogfish.How does the arrangement of skeletal structures differ in sea urchins, sea stars, and brittle stars? How do these differences establish the way these animals move? How is the skeleton of a sea urchin like the skeleton of a lobster? How is it different? Sea stars have no teeth, yet they eat other animals (corals, molluscs). How do they do this?
- In terms of the differences between the opossum, bird, bat, and mole skeletons, which is most like the human (and therefore, most primitive or generalized)? Which is least like the human and, therefore, the most specialized?Human bipedalism is associated with skeletal structure adaptations that are distinct from the skeletal structures of other primates. Classify each of the anatomical characteristics as belonging to either humans or chimpanzees. wide foot S-shaped spine Chimpanzees narrow pelvis Answer Bank central-positioned foramen magnum forward-shifted foramen magnum curved spine Humans narrow foot broad pelvisMammals have a particularly good sense of earing thanks to their inner ear which includes three tiny bones. Reptiles, in contrast, have a single inner ear bone. The lower jaw of reptiles is composed of multiple bones while the lower jaw of mammals is a single bone. Fossil and developmental evidence indicate that the inner ear bones of mammals evolved from lower jawbones. This suggests that the inner ear bones of mammals are 1. an analogy 2. an exaptation 3. a living fossil 4. a transitional trait 5. a vestigial structure