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introduction:
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle is blocked. This is usually due to a build-up of fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries that supply blood to the heart (coronary arteries). When a plaque ruptures, it can form a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle.
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- Explain why particles with diameter in the range 0.1 – 1 µm are able to penetrate deep into the lungs where they can damage the alveoli, while particles smaller than this range or larger than this range cannot penetrate so far into the lungs.List examples of the dangerous gaseous andparticulate components of chemical inhalants.Using the lung compliance relationships for different diseases presented in the figure. 1) Determine the lung volume (at end of expiration and at end of inspiration) for each condition, assuming that conditions have normal pulmonary pressures. 2) Assuming that intrapleural pressure at end of inspiration can be increased or decreased freely, what is the transpulmonary pressure required for each disease, to match the tidal volume of normal conditions. 3) Choose ONE of the diseases and list two physiological changes produced by that disease condition, and briefly explain them based on the changes in tidal volume resulting from the changes in lung compliance. Tidal volume, L 6 2 0 0 Emphysema 10 Asthma Normal 20 Pressure (cm H₂O) Cardiac disease Fibrosis Respiratory distress syndrome 30 Various pressures during breathing (mmHg) Breath volume (L) IN O ~ + 9 0.5 O Atmospheric pressure Alveolar pressure 1 Transpulmona pressure Intrapleural pressure Inspiration Expiration 4s Time Please show…
- In layman's term, explain the proper administration of a metered dose inhalation aerosol containing a micronized medicated powder with inert ingredients.Regarding central chemoreceptors, if H+ ions are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, how does the brain detect a change in the body's pH?The alveoli and blood capillaries make up the gas exchange surface of the lungs, and as the arrows in the diagram (Figure 3) illustrate, this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide move in a particular direction. a) With reference to simple diffusion, explain why oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the directions illustrated by the arrows. b) The gas exchange surface is specifically adapted to maximise the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in these illustrated directions. Explain at least three of these adaptations.
- Why do anemic patients do not exhibit an increase in the respiratory rate?Asthma is characterized by: A) Constriction of bronchioles B) Increased expiration reserve C) Decreased elasticity of alveoliIndicate whether the changes in respiratory volumes or capacities described are observed A) during an acute asthma attack, B) in emphysema C) both during an acute asthma attack and in emphysema, or D) not during an acute asthma attack or in emphysema. Note that the acute asthma attack is in a person not taking ventolin (ie no inhaler). Decrease in total lung capacity Increase in residual volume Decrease in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) Decrease in tidal volume Decrease in expiratory reserve volume
- Given: Under normal circumstances the partial pressure of oxygen in air is approximately 160 mmHg. Let’s assume in the alveoli it drops to 100 mmHg when a person breaths 12x per minute. At the end of a 1-mile sprint a person is breathing 60x per minute, but, due to the decrease in the amount of time each breath spends in the lungs, the oxygen partial pressure is only drops to 140 mmHg before exhalation. a. How much has the amount of oxygen diffused through the alveoli increased or decreased? (Answer part a )Why do Cheyne-Stokes respirations appear in coma?What is the PAO2 in our alveolar cells given that conditions are normal (room temperature) and at sea level, given that the the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg. The partial pressure for water is 47 mmHg and the PACO2 is 40 mmHg. The respiratory quotient is 0.8.
