All of the following are observational epidemiological studies, except a. Descriptive study b. Randomized controlled trial c. Case-control study d. Cross-sectional study e. Cohort study f. Ecological study
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All of the following are observational epidemiological studies, except
a.
Descriptive study
b.
Randomized controlled trial
c.
Case-control study
d.
Cross-sectional study
e.
Cohort study
f.
Ecological study
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- All of the following are epidemiological study designs are "observational" in nature, except a. Ecological studies b. Descriptive studies c. Randomized controlled trials d. Prospective cohort studies================================Community health nurses use epidemiological concepts to: a.Improve the health of population groups by identifying risk factors that reduce risk and promote illness. b.None of the answers. c.Epidemiological methods are not needed in assessment diagnosis, planning or evaluating community interventions. d.Epidemiologists are not concerned with interrelationships between host and environmental characteristics. ================================Which of the following is an epidemiologic function of the nurse during an epidemic? a.Conducting assessment of suspected cases to detect the communicable disease, and teaching the community on preventive measures against the disease. b.Teaching the community on preventive measures against the disease. c.Monitoring the condition of the cases affected by the communicable disease. d.Participating in the investigation to determine the source of the epidemic.Differentiate the following Epidemiological Measures a. Frequency Measures: Incidence and prevalence b. Morbidity Frequency Measures c. Mortality Frequency Measures
- 24. What type of epidemiological study would you conduct to identify risk factors for a rare disease and quantify their effects? O D. Nested Case Control Study O C. Cross Sectional Study O B. Retrospective Case Control Study O A. Prospective Cohort StudyIn the context of a case-control study, a pro of recruiting incident cases rather than prevalent cases is: a. Incidence is easier to assess than prevalence b. Incidence provides a measure of the burden of disease at one “snapshot” in time c. Using incident cases allows researchers to account for case-deaths that would not be evident if only prevalent cases were considered d. None of the aboveWhich of the following epidemiological study designs is the most useful to study incidence of an outcome or a disease? a. Ecological study b. Cross-sectional study c. Cohort study d. Descriptive study
- Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to a. directly test etiologic hypotheses b. generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology c. evaluate trends in health and disease within a population d. examine whether an upcoming vaccine is effective and safe e. both a and b are correct f. both b and c are correctComparing exposure histories of people with the disease and people without the disease isthe goal for what type of study design?A. Case seriesB. Case-controlC. CohortD. Experimental5. Discuss the figure below. Give specific examples as needed: DESCRIPTIVE Describe a disease or health condition/phenomenon or intervention ANALYTIC Examine association (test of hypothesis) Experimental Exposure variables are assigned Observational Турes 1. Case reports/Case series Exposure and outcome variables are just observed 2. Prevalence survey (cross- sectional) 3. Ecologic study Турes 1. Cross-sectional Турes 1. Clinical trials 2. Case-control 3. Cohort 2. Field trials 3. Community intervention trials 4. Ecologic Hypothesis formulation Identification of risk/protective factors
- Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of association used in case-control studies? a. Hazard Ratio b. Odds Ratio c. Prevalence Ratio d. Relative Risk or Risk RatioA study was conducted to investigate the effect of HIV infection on mortality among people in Kenya with TB. Individuals with TB were recruited from hospitals and their HIV status determined. They were then followed-up over ten years to compare mortality rates in the HIV positive group and HIV negative group. Case-control study Cohort study Randomized controlled trial Ecological study Cross-sectional studyThere are multiple epidemiologic study designs. Study designs can be categorized as an experimental or observational design. What is the primary difference between the two? (Choose the one best answer) 1. In an experimental design, the outcome/disease is assigned 2. In an observational design, the outcome/disease is assigned 3. In an experimental design, the exposure/treatment is assigned 4. In an observational design, the exposure/treatment is assigned 5. They are both epidemiologic study designs without a distinct difference