A solar collector is placed in direct sunlight where it absorbs energy at the rate of 900 J/s for each square meter of its surface. The emissivity of the solar collector is e = 0.74. What equilibrium temperature does the
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- An infrared heater for a sauna has a surface area of 0.050 m2 and an emissivity of 0.84. What temperature must it run at if the required power is 360 W? Neglect the temperature of the environment.Nuclear fusion, the energy solute of Sun, hydrogen bombs, and fusion reactors, occurs much more readily when the average kinetic energy of the atoms is high—that is, at high temperatures. Suppose you want the atoms in your fusion experiment to have average kinetic energies of 6.41014 J . What temperature is needed?What is the average kinetic energy in joules of hydrogen atoms on the 5500 surface of the Sun? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of helium atoms in a legion of the solar corona where the temperature is 6.00105 K ?
- As the very first rudiment of climatology, estimate the temperature of Earth. Assume it is a perfect sphere and its temperature is uniform. Ignore the greenhouse effect. Thermal radiation from the Sun has an intensity (the "solar constant" S) of about 1370 W/m2 at the radius of Earth's orbit. (a) Assuming the Sun's rays are parallel, what area must S be multiplied by to get the total radiation intercepted by Earth? It will be easiest to answer in tens of Earth's radius, R. (b) Assume that Earth reflects about 30% of the solar energy it intercepts. In other words, Earth has an albedo with a value of A=0.3 . In terms of S, and R, what is the rate at which Earth absorbs energy from the Sun? (c) Find the temperature at which Earth radiates energy at the same rate. Assume that at the infrared wavelengths where it radiates, the emissivity e is 1. Does your result show that the greenhouse effect is important? (d) How does your answer depend on the area of Earth?A mercury thermometer still in use for meteorology has a bulb with a volume of 0.780 cm3 and a tube for the mercury to expand into of inside diameter 0.130 mm. (a) Neglecting the thermal expansion of the glass, what is the spacing between marks 1 apart? (b) If the thermometer is made of ordinary glass (not a good idea), what is the spacing?Many decisions are made on the basis of the payback period: the time it will take through savings to equal the capital cost of an investment. Acceptable payback times depend upon the business or philosophy one has. For some industries, a payback period is as small as 2 yeas) Suppose you wish to install the extra insulation in the preceding problem. If energy cost $1.00 per million joules and the insulation was $4.00 per square meter, then calculate the simple payback time. Take the average T for the 120-day heating season to be 15.0 .
- 2.A solar collector with an area of 1.5 m2 is installed on the rooftop of a house. Assume that the radiative encrgy amiving from the sun is 1000 Wm. The collector reflecis 10% of the enengy arriving on is surfice. Also, the collector is not perfectly insulated, and losses occur The collector has a heat transfer coefficient h of 2 Wmx The side arcas of the collector are assumed to be negligible. The ambient temperature is 20 °C and the collector is assumed to be at a temperature of 50 "c. Consider that this temperature is constant throughout the whole collector The collector is assumed to behave like a black body. a) What is the power output of the collector? b) What percentage of the total losses is caused by radiation?I want the calculation for this expiremnt Note: the unit of thermal conductivity w/m.kAn incandescent lamp filament, with a surface area of 100 mm2, operates at a temperature of 2300 0 Assume that the filament acts like a blackbody. What is the rate of radiation from the filament? If the walls of the room in which the lamp operates are at 27 0C, what is the rate at which the filament absorbs radiation? At what rate does electrical energy have to supplied tot eh filament to keep its temperature constant? Ignore conduction and convection losses from the filament
- Q2. (a) Starting with the assumptions made, show that according to Einstein’stheory of specific heat of solids, at very low temperatures Cv varies exponentially with temperature T . (b) Explain why the contribution of free electrons to the total specific heat of a metallic solid is negligible at high temperatures.design an apparatus that could be constructed to measure the thermal conductivity of solid samples in the range of 50 to 300 W/m . K. Write a brief report discussing in detail the overall size of the apparatus; components of the apparatus, including the heating source, the cooling source, insulation materials; and the measurement elements. In the report, include drawings and a sample experiment. Estimate the cost of such a setup and briefly discuss it in your report. Also, write a brief experimental procedure that could be used by someone who is unfamiliar with the apparatus.Iculate the coefficient of linear thermal expansion. Locate a table of linear thermal expansion ficients online or in your textbook and compare your experimental results to the accepted value using percent error. CALCULATIONS: 1. Calculate Δ-Thot-Trm Record the result in the Table 1. Use the Conversion Table at the end of this manual, or the one on the top of the expansion base, to convert your thermistor resistance measurements, Ryn and Rnot,into temperature measurements, Trm and Thot Record your results in the table. sing the equation AL = α 2, T, calculate α for copper, steel, and aluminum mrnfid=74 Τα(Experimental)x1051 Table 1 MaterialL R TR(m) LT R(hot) . T(Room)TT(hot)! ΔΤ (m) Ohm(2) (m)Ohm(2) c 15 666 112 8 3 15 3.1 53 10. Rod #1 2.76 x (o Rod #2 Rod #3 |.n5 | 66. I 18.3 | 8.29 | 35 | 88 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of: 3. 216x10' Rod #1 Rod #2 Rod #3- Table 2 Material | Composition | α(Theoretical)x105 | α(Experim Rod #1 | tin Rod #2 Rod #3 ental)x105 | Percent Difference %…