A patient, 15 years old, after the epidemic parotitis transferred to the doctor with complaints of weakness, fatigue, constant thirst, an increase in appetite. On examination: the skin is dry, height - 165 cm, body weight - 48 kg. The arterial pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, the heart rate is 80 beats / min. The level of glucose in the blood is 9 mmol /1, ketone bodies are found in urine. Questions: 1. What disease does the patient suffer? 2. What was the immediate cause of this disease? 3. What other reasons can lead to the development of this disease? 4. Describe the mechanism of development of this disease. 5. What does the occurrence in the urine of ketone bodies evoke? 6. What changes in the water balance are characteristic for this disease? 7. List the late complications of this disease.
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- TASK No 2 A patient of 37 years old suffers from polyuria, polydipsia, fast fatigability, headache. These symptoms developed shortly after traumatic brain injury and always sharply intensified after a slight restriction of fluid intake. At inspection: there are tachycardia, arterial hypotension, dry mucous membranes. Analysis of urine: daily diuresis - 11 000 ml, specific gravity - 1.001, protein and glcosis are absent. Blood test: glucose - 4.8 mmol, residual nitrogen - 16 mmol / 1 (norm 14-28 mmol / 1) Questions: 7. What type of typical pathological processes should be developed in the patient?TASK No 2 A patient of 37 years old suffers from polyuria, polydipsia, fast fatigability, headache. These symptoms developed shortly after traumatic brain injury and always sharply intensified after a slight restriction of fluid intake. At inspection: there are tachycardia, arterial hypotension, dry mucous membranes. Analysis of urine: daily diuresis - 11 000 ml, specific gravity - 1.001, protein and glcosis are absent. Blood test: glucose - 4.8 mmol, residual nitrogen - 16 mmol/ 1 (norm 14-28 mmol/l) Questions: 4. What is the cause of this disease? 5. What kind of disturbance of water metabolism does the patient have? 6. Name the characteristic clinical manifestations of this disturbance of water metabolism. 7. What type of typical pathological processes should be developed in the patient?TASK No 2 A patient of 37 years old suffers from polyuria, polydipsia, fast fatigability, headache. These symptoms developed shortly after traumatic brain injury and always sharply intensified after a slight restriction of fluid intake. At inspection: there are tachycardia, arterial hypotension, dry mucous membranes. Analysis of urine: daily diuresis - 11 000 ml, specific gravity - 1.001, protein and glcosis are absent. Blood test: glucose - 4.8 mmol, residual nitrogen - 16 mmol/ 1 (norm 14-28 mmol / 1) Questions: 1. Lack of which hormone led to the development of this clinical picture in the patient? 2. Name the main biological effects of this hormone. 3. What endocrine disease is arosed in the patient? 4. What is the cause of this disease? 5. What kind of disturbance of water metabolism does the patient have? 6. Name the characteristic clinical manifestations of this disturbance of water metabolism. 7. What type of typical pathological processes should be developed in the patient?
- TASK No 4 A patient of 48 years old complains of irritability, fatigue, weight loss with increased appetite, sweating, sleep disturbance. At inspection: body temperature - 37,6 C, the skin is wet and hot to the touch. There is a tremor of the fingers. The border of the heart is widened to the left, the pulse is 130 beats per minute, arterial pressure is 150/70 mm Hg. Thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged, soft and elastic, with palpation. Exophthalmos is noted. Pathological immunoglobulins (LATS - factors) were found in the patient's blood. Questions: 1. What is a thyroid disease in the patient? 2. Describe the mechanism of its development. 3. How is changed the level of thyroid hormones and thyroid- stimulating hormone in the patient's blood? 4. How must be changed the metabolism of lipids, proteins and fats change in this pathology? 5. Describe the mechanism of development of arterial hypertension in the patient. 6. Describe the mechanism of exophthalmos development in the patient. 7.…TASK No 4 A patient of 48 years old complains of irritability, fatigue, weight loss with increased appetite, sweating, sleep disturbance. At inspection: body temperature - 37,6 C, the skin is wet and hot to the touch. There is a tremor of the fingers. The border of the heart is widened to the left, the pulse is 130 beats per minute, arterial pressure is 150/70 mm Hg. Thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged, soft and elastic, with palpation. Exophthalmos is noted. Pathological immunoglobulins (LATS - factors) were found in the patient's blood. Questions: 6. Describe the mechanism of exophthalmos development in the patient. 7. Name the most dangerous complication of the patient's disease.TASK №o 1 A patient of 19 years old felt weak, dizzy, pain in the neck, nausea after four hours spending in a hot bath. On examination: the skin is moist, strongly hyperemic. Body temperature is 39° C. Questions: 1. What pathological process has been developing in the patient? Give its definition. 2. Indicate the cause of this pathological process. 3. List the stages of development of this pathological condition. 4. Indicate its possible complications 5. Indicate changes in metabolism, typical for the pathological condition that has developed in the patient. 6. What type of typical pathological process (TPP) is needed to be differentiated in the patient? Give its definition. 7. Conduct a comparative analysis of this TPP and pathological process in the patient.
- TASK No 2 A 44-year-old patient, suffering from varicose veins for a long time, complains of calf muscle cramps and leg swelling, which increase with physical activity. On examination: skin is thin, cyanotic, edematous, cold to the touch. In the area of the inner ankle of the right leg, a painless ulcer is found. Questions: 1. Name the disorder of regional circulation that has led to the development of edema on the legs. 2. Give the definition of edema. 3. Name the initial pathogenetic factor of edema development in this case. 4. What other reasons can lead to the inclusion of this factor of edema development?TASK No 2 A 44-year-old patient, suffering from varicose veins for a long time, complains of calf muscle cramps and leg swelling, which increase with physical activity. On examination: skin is thin, cyanotic, edematous, cold to the touch. In the area of the inner ankle of the right leg, a painless ulcer is found. Questions 5. Describe the osmotic factor of edema development. 6. Is it possible to its inclusion in this case? Justify your answer. 7. Describe the mechanism of cyanosis development in the patient?TASK No 4 A patient 65 years old after a subtotal resection of the thyroid gland complained of weight gain, muscle weakness, fatigue, memory impairment, swelling of the face and extremities. At inspection: the face is pale and edematic, the skin is dry. Patient's speech is indistinct. Body temperature - 35.4° C, the pulse is very slow, arterial pressure is 95/60 mm Hg. Questions: 1. List the hormones that are synthesized in the thyroid gland. 2. What endocrine pathology does the patient have? 3. What is the cause of this endocrine pathology? 4. What are the other possible causes that lead to this form of pathology? 5. How must be changed the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the patient's blood? 6. Descrive typical changes of lipid, protein and carbohydrates metabolism with this endocrine pathology? 7. Explain the mechanism of the onset of edema in the patient.
- TASK No 4 A patient 65 years old after a subtotal resection of the thyroid gland complained of weight gain, muscle weakness, fatigue, memory impairment, swelling of the face and extremities. At inspection: the face is pale and edematic, the skin is dry. Patient's speech is indistinct. Body temperature - 35.4° C, the pulse is very slow, arterial pressure is 95/60 mm Hg. Questions: 4. What are the other possible causes that lead to this form of pathology? 5. How must be changed the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the patient's blood? 6. Descrive typical changes of lipid, protein and carbohydrates metabolism with this endocrine pathology? 7. Explain the mechanism of the onset of edema in the patient.TASK N 4 A 39-year-old man, who previously considered himself to be practically healthy, felt severe pain in the epigastric region and strong weakness while performing heavy physical work. After 20 minutes the pains weakened but there were complaints of nausea and vomiting. On examination: the state of moderate severity, arterial pressure is 70/45 mm Hg, sinus bradycardia. Careful palpation revealed no signs of a gastrointestinal pathology. After ECG registration, the patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis "Acute left ventricular infarction". Questions: 1. Indicate the form of infarction with such unusual localization of the pain syndrome and the presence of dyspeptic disorders. 2. Describe the most typical localization of pain during myocardial infarction. 3. What changes on the ECG are typical for myocardial infarction? 4. Which plasma enzymes can be measured in order to confirm the diagnosis? 5. List possible causes of heart attack in the absence of pre-infarct symptomatology…TASK No 2 The patient complains about intense pain in the right iliac region, vomiting, and a fever of 38.5° C. In the analysis of blood: neutrophilic leukocytosis, an increase in the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation. The patient is operated on. In the area of the operating wound, an appendix of dark red color was found, in the lumen of which there was yellow-green liquid. Questions: 1. What kind of typical pathological process (TPP) is observed in the patient? Give its definition. 2. List the local signs of this TPP in the patient. 3. Indicate mechanisms of their formation in the patient