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- Explain why energy is NOT needed for co-translational translocation but IS needed for post-translational ER translocation of an ER lumenal protein.The tumor suppressor pRB also binds to and suppresses theactivity of retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2), ahistone demethylase that removes methyl groups from diand trimethylated lysines in histone 3. What is the possibleconsequence of an inactivating mutation in RB1 that causesan inability of pRB to bind RBP2?Cytosine deaminationoccurs ~100 cytosinesper genome per day in a human genome. Eukaryotic cells also contain residues of 5’-methylcytosine, which is involved in regulating gene transcription rates. Mutation of 5’-methylcytosine by deaminationconverts it to thymine. This presents the cell with a much more severe problem than normal cytosine deaminationof cytosine to uracil. Why?
- Within living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependent manner. By comparison, many other proteins do interact with nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means that a specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria.What information do you know based onthe question…Within living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependentmanner. By comparison, many other proteins do interactwith nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means that a specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria.What topic in genetics does this question address?Within living cells, many different proteins play importantfunctional roles by binding to DNA. Some proteins bind to DNA butnot in a sequence-specific manner. For example, histones are proteinsimportant in the formation of chromosome structure. The positivelycharged histone proteins bind to the negatively charged phosphategroups in DNA. In addition, several other proteins interact with DNAbut do not require a specific nucleotide sequence to carry out theirfunction. For example, DNA polymerase, which catalyzes thesynthesis of new DNA strands, does not bind to DNA in a sequencedependentmanner. By comparison, many other proteins do interactwith nucleic acids in a sequence-dependent fashion. This means thata specific sequence of bases can provide a structure that isrecognized by a particular protein.Someexamples include transcription factors that affect the rate oftranscription and proteins that bind to origins of replication inbacteria. With regard to the three-dimensional structure of…
- TRUE FALSE EF-Ts factor regenerates EF-Tu/GDP from EF-Tu/GTP for the next round of elongation cycle in prokaryotic translation. The sigma o subunit of RNA polymerase is replaced by NusA to recognise the promoter region of a gene. The -10 and -35 sequences in E. coli DNA are referred to as untranslated region. In human, translation begins before transcription of an mRNA completes. The distal histidine stabilises the iron in heme group of a deoxyhaemoglobin. Receptor for epinephrine consists of seven transmembrane helices. Membrane receptors bind to hydrophobic signaling molecules. Amino acids, glucose and fatty acids are taken up by transporters into liver cells. Glycerol and fatty acids are synthesized from the intermediates of glycolysis. Synthesis of fatty acid occurs in cytoplasm. Triacylglycerol can be obtained from diet and also synthesized in liver cells. Ammonia and keto acid are formed in transamination.Suppose that in the formation of phenylalanine hydroxylase mRNA, the exons of the pre-mRNA fail to splice together properly and the resulting enzyme is nonfunctional. This produces an accumulation of high levels of phenylalanine and other compounds, which causes neurological damage. What phenotype would be produced in the affected individual?The following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this protein have been recovered. Using the normal and mutant sequences, determine the DNA and mRNA sequences that code for this portion of the protein, and explain each of the mutations. a. met-trp- b. met-cys-ile-val-val-leu-gln- c. met-trp-tyr-arg-ser-pro-thr- d. met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-ala-val-ile-ser-pro-thr-
- The Events in Transcription Initiation Describe the sequence of events involved in the initiation of transcription by E. coil RNA polymerase. Include in your description those features a gene must have for proper recognition and transcription by RNA poIymerase.Several genes code for enzymes that are responsible for histidine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Part of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that codes for one of these enzymes is: AUG CCU UGG GCC CAA AAA UGC A series of mutants that have lost activity for this enzyme are recovered. The mutant products are analyzed and found to have the following amino acid sequences: Mutant 1: Met-Pro-Trp-Pro-Glu-Lys-Cys Mutant 2: Met-Pro Mutant 3: Met-Pro-Cys-Gly-Pro-Lys-Met Mutant 4: Met-Pro-Trp-Pro-Lys-Asp Choose the correct type of mutation that occurred in the DNA to produce each mutant type. Nonsense Answer Missense Answer Addition Answer Deletion AnswerDuring translation, the tRNA antlicodon sequence G-A-U vyould blnd to which MRNA codon (plck one of the cholces I -V below)? Note: all of the sequencos for tho quostlon and answors use the standard convention for representing ollgonuclootidos discussed In class whoro tho 5'-ond Is at the loft and the 3'-ond Is at the right. I) G-A-U II) U-A-G I) C-U-A IV) A-U-C V A-T-C OA. none of the cholces OB. IV Oc." OD.! OE, II