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- An electrical difference across the fibers of the heart is called the A. Absolute refractory period B. Resting membrane potential C. Action potential D. Depolarization8. Define heart attack and infarct. How does atherosclerotic plaque affect the heart? 12. Explain how cardiac muscle cells in the SA node produce action potentials spontaneously and why the SA node is the heart’s pacemaker. 13. What is the function of the conduction system of the heart? Starting with the SA node, describe the route of an action potential as it goes through the conduction system of the heart.6. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A)The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+ B)Unlike skeletal muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to Ca2+ influx, not Na+ influx C)Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells D)After sodium influx through voltage gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolong influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. E)Like skeletal muscle cells, ventricular cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential primarily dependent on sodium.
- 4. Compare the action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle, autorhythmic cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Include similarities and differences. Mention resting membrane potential, pacemaker potential, If channels, sodium voltage-gated channels, potassium voltage-gated channels, calcium voltage-gated channels, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, pacemaker.6. What would happen to the heart's electrical activity if the resting membrane permeability of sodium became less permeable in the pacemaker cells of the heart (damage to the If channels)?4. Describe the steps in the action potential of a cardiac autorhythmic cell in terms of the membrane potential, ion movements and the state of ion channels during the potential. What are If channels?
- 2. Draw a ventricular muscle cell action potential. Describe the changes in membrane permeability that underlie the potential changes. What prevents the heart from undergoing summation of contractions?5.According to Steven et al., (2006), hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a medical terminology used to describe a spectrum of congenital heart malfomation exhbiting an array of underdeveloped structures in the left side of the heart. How does this affect the anatomical and physiological function of the left side of the heart? Read and analyze the question and choices CAREFULLY; more importantly, ALWAYS CHOOSE the BEST answer. The heart will have a difficulty in pumping oxygenated blood to all parts of the body The heart is bound to enlarge by loosening its myocardium after a few years. The heart will not be able to absorb oxygen from the lungs. The heart will exert too much pressure to deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.1. The sympathetic nervous increases the heart rate by binding to F-type Na channels and increasing Na* conductance through these channels. What are the phases of an action potential in the pacemaker cells of the heart? What channels are involved in each phase? Explain.
- 2. How is an action potential in a contractile cardiac cell different from action potential in a pacemaker cell? (Write the phases and the channels involved for each phase).6. Can the radii of arterioles be adjusted independently to variably distribute cardiac output (amount of blood pumped per minute) among organs? Explain your answer. If you answered NO, then why are they not adjusted, or if you answered YES, then how are arteriole radii adjusted?8.Normally, an adult at rest has an average cardiac output of about 5L/min, while in a trained athlete the cardiac output can reach 35L/min. Could this increase be accounted for by increased heart rate alone? Why?