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6. A mining process discharges
a silty water into a clean brook at the rate of 5 cubic meters per minute. The silt content is 200 200 mg/L. What is the concentration in the brook during the rainy season (the brook flows at 50 cubic meters/min), and during a severe dry spell (the brook flows at 5 cubic meter/min)?
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- The hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer is 0.005 cm/sec, the hydraulic gradient is 0.02, and the porosity is 0.2. What is the specific discharge, q, in this aquifer? use Darcy's law q=Ki Calculate the velocity at which dissolved salt could move through this aquifer. Assume the aquifer is 5 meters thick (b). What it is its transmissivity? Transmissivity T = Kb aquifer thickness. What is the discharge per unit of distance perpendicular to the groundwater flow? (bq). Use the equation given in the problem statement discharge per unit width = bq .In a laboratory test of an aquifer material a fully saturated sample of volume 5 liters was taken and its initial weight of 105 N was recorded. When allowed to drain completely it recorded a weight of 97 N. The sample was then crushed dried and then weighed. A weight of 93 N was recorded at this stage. Calculate the specific yield and relative density of the solids. (Assume unit weight of water YY=9.79 kN/m³)The ionic character of a groundwater is defined by the following hypothetical combinations: Ca(HCO3)2 = 3.0 meq/L MgSO4 = 0.8 meq/L NaCl = 0.6 meq/L 0.4 meq/L Mg(HCO3)2 Na2SO4 = 0.2 meq/L Draw a milliequivalents-per-liter bar graph. Is the hardness of this water considered excessive? What process do you recommend for precipitation softening of this water?
- Groundwater is pumped for domestic use from an unconfi ned aquifer (water-bearing sand layer). The thickness of the clay layer above the sand layer is 20 m and its initial porosity is 40%. After 10 years of pumping, the porosity is reduced to 30%. Determine the subsidence of the clay surface.A silty-sand aquifer has a hydraulic conductivity of 10-4 cm/s. Two piezometers are located 300 m apart and indicate groundwater elevations of 12m and 10m above a datum. The porosity of the aquifer is 0.30. (a) What is the specific discharge in this aquifer? (b) What is the maximum velocity that a salt tracer would move in this aquifer? (c) Assuming that the aquifer is 8 m in depth, what is the discharge per meter perpendicular to the water flow?In a permeability test with constant load in the laboratory, the following are given: L = 250 mm and H = 105 cm². If the value of k is 0.014 cm/s and a flow rate of 120 cm³/s must be maintained through the soil, what is the difference in charge, h, across the sample? determine also the percolation rate under the test conditions.
- In a laboratory test of an aquifer material a fully saturated sample of volume 5 liters was taken and its initial weight of 105 N was recorded. When allowed to drain completely it recorded a weight of 97 N. The sample was then crushed dried and then weighed. A weight of 93 N was recorded at this stage. Calculate the specific yield and relative density of the solids. (Assume unit weight of water γγ=9.79 kN/m3) Answers: Specific yield= 16.34%; Relative density of solids = 2.517Which would you expect to be most permeable? consolidated sandstone unconsolidated sand well karstified limestone granite What else would you need to know if you were to calculate the flow velocity (through the aquifer) between the two wells? Hydraulic gradient Hydraulic lift Hydraulic pressure Hydraulic conductivityA container of Atrazine (500 g) is dumped into a river 2.3 km upstream of a municipal water intake pipe. The cross-sectional area of the river is 5.7 m2. Assume that the Atrazine is dumped as a point source. If the river flow is 8.25m3/s and the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is 0.1 m2/s, what is the maximum concentration (in ppm) expected at the intake. How spread out (in the direction of flow) is the atrazine at the time the peak concentration occurs at the intake pipe? Assume 2 standard deviations on either side of the peak is a good estimate of spread.
- A lake with no outlet has a steady state volume of 5 x 1011 m3, the salt concentration in the lake is 100 g/L. The input to the lake is 3 x 109 m3/year with a salt concentration of 0.2 g/L. Assume that rainfall is negligible. At some point in the past the outlet to this lake stopped flowing and the input was balanced by evaporation, resulting in an steady increase in salt concentration. Estimate how long ago the outlet to the lake stopped flowing and state assumptions.An underground storage tank leaks tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at a rate of 100 mL/d (about the volume of a small lemon per day). This continues for one year before the leak is discovered and stopped. The tank lies at the water table, so all of the PCE released enters the sand aquifer (but isnot necessarily immediately dissolved in the groundwater). The aquifer is 4.0 m deep and composed of sand. The actual groundwater velocity (average linear velocity) is 0.09 m/d, and the hydraulic gradient is 0.0005. The retardation factor for PCE is 6.(a) What is the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer?(b) How far would you expect the PCE to have traveled down gradient during the one-year period?For the figure shown below, if the area of the tank is 0.5 m² and hydraulic conductivity of sand is 0.1 cm/sec. a. What is the magnitude and direction of the rate of seepage? b. If the value of h=1.2m, will boiling occur? Why? c. What should be the value of "h" to cause boiling? Outflow Inflow 1m 2m A B h = 1.2m e = 0.55 G=2.68 Valve (open)