5. What is CoA, and what is its reactive end group? Explain why the hydrolysis of thioesters is very exergonic.
Q: 6. Describe how acetyl-CoA forms based on the products of citrate metabolism in the cytosol NAD DUL
A: Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions mainly in protein,…
Q: 18. With this information, succinate dehydrogenase converts fumarate to succinate via what possible…
A: The series of chemical reactions that occur inside the living body for the production of energy are…
Q: 3. Below are the fates of the carbon skeletons of amino acids. Fill out the table with the…
A: The amino acids produced by catabolism of proteins might be recycled to form new proteins, be…
Q: CH3 CH2-CH,-CH2 CH2-CH,CH2-CH2-CH2 CH2-CH2 ĉ-SCOA
A: Beta oxidation is the process by which long chain acyl CoA are broken down to acetyl CoA. Each round…
Q: 7) the amino acid below attached to PLP as an imine. Hydrolyze the product amino acid off with…
A: PLP or Pyridoxal phosphate is an enzyme which has the ability to act as an electrophilic catalyst…
Q: 4. structure of a monoacylglycerol (MAG) 5. structure of the product of the reaction catalysed by…
A: Lipids are mainly found as triacylglycerols. These have glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty…
Q: 9.5: The reaction below is an early step in the synthesis of tyvelose, a sugar found on the surface…
A: Initially, glucose-1 (G1P) phosphate is converted into CDP-glucose to CDP tyvelose. The CDP-tyvelose…
Q: 1. Oxidation states of carbon serve as an informal measure of the amount of potential chemical…
A: The oxidation-reduction reaction is also called the Redox reaction. This reaction involves…
Q: 3. Trypsin selectively cleaves polypeptide chains on the carbonyl side of the amino acids arginine…
A: Enzymes are proteins that accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions. Proteins are polymers of…
Q: Draw the structure of the acyl CoA formed from palmitic acid, C 15H 31CO 2H. Use this acyl CoA to…
A: Fatty acids are catabolised by β-oxidation. Fatty acid reacts with coenzyme A and forms an acyl CoA.…
Q: 1. Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria as fatty acyl-carnitine rather than fatty…
A: The synthesis of fatty acid occurs in the cytosol of a cell. The process includes the repeated…
Q: 10. Draw the condensed structural formula for the a-keto-acid produced from each of the following in…
A: Transamination is a chemical reaction that forms the new amino acids by transferring an amino group…
Q: 4. Explain, giving examples, what is meant by the statement that the citric acid cycle is…
A: The citric acid cycle is also known as tricarboxylic (TCA) acid or Kreb cyclic, which results in the…
Q: 2. Write the equation involved in the hydrolysis of sucrose.
A: Carbohydrates are polymers composed of monosaccharide monomers. Carbohydrates play a variety of…
Q: 8. Consider the biosynthetic pathways by which 'fatty acids, steroids, carbohydrates and amino acids…
A: Fatty acids, steroids, carbohydrates and amino acids are the biomolecules which are required for the…
Q: 1) Given the structure of pyruvate below, draw the reaction with NADH to form lactate. (only the…
A: Pyruvate is the end product of the glycolytic pathway. Under aerobic condition, the pyruvate…
Q: 5. How many deuterium atoms (?H) are incorporated into acetyl-CoA if a molecule of palmitic acid…
A: The oxidation of fatty acids takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix. The process is known as…
Q: 1. make your own version of Fatty Acid Cycle with diagram. 2. explain why these cycles are…
A: Fatty acid metabolism includes Fatty acid biosynthesis (an anabolic process) and β-…
Q: .Linoleic acid and linoleic acid cannot be synthesized in human tissues, because of _____. *…
A: Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in nature. They are also called glycans. They can be classified into…
Q: 2. Which of the following compounds is an intermediate between Pyruvic Acid and Propionic Acid? to.…
A: Note: Since you have posted multiple independent questions in the same request, we will solve the…
Q: 5. What molecules are missing from boxes in the gluconeogenesis reaction shown below 203PO- OPO,2…
A: Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Gluconeogenesis is a…
Q: 9. Describe the role of the following coenzymes in metabolism
A: Coenzyme A is a coenzyme containing pantothenic acid, adenosine 3-phosphate 5-pyrophosphate, and…
Q: Propose a reasonable biosynthesis for Compound 14. MUST BE in this order: Acetyl CoA SAM S-alanine…
A: Here compound 14 is synthesized from L-Phenylalanine, SAM, L-alanine, and Acetyl-CoA in multistep…
Q: 8. In patients with diabctes mellitus type 1, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fucl…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first three subparts of the question for…
Q: 21. How many carbons are removed from fatty acyl CoA in one turn of B-oxidation spiral? E. 6 22.…
A: In the mitochondria, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process in which breakdown of fatty acid…
Q: 4. The usual keto acid involved for transamination reaction is succinate. true or false
A: Keto acids are chemical molecules containing both a carboxylic acid and a ketone group. The keto…
Q: 3. Below is the structure of a complex fatty acid that can be completely oxidized by the…
A: Beta oxidation of fatty acid is catabolic process by which it converted to acetyl-CoA and…
Q: 8. Which of these is not an example for stereo specificity? a) L-lactate dehydrogenase will act only…
A: Many enzymes can discriminate between enantiomeric substrates and such enzymes exhibit…
Q: 4. The reaction shown below is part of the glycolytic pathway. The standard free energy change for…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: 1. A biological chemist has isolated a sizable amount of a compound acetyl CoA. a. Look up the…
A: Acetyl CoA is a very common product in case of many biological reactions like kreb cycle .
Q: 1. Biotin is an essential cofactor for carboxylases that transfer carbon dioxide. Choose one of the…
A: A cofactor is a non-protein compound or metal ion that is necessary for an enzyme for performing the…
Q: 12.The two carbons in an acetyl-CoA are released as CO, only in the second turn of the citric acia…
A:
Q: 5) The disease Phenylketonuria (or PKU) occurs when the enzyme that helps to catalyze the conversion…
A: Mutation in the PAH (Phenylalanine hydroxylase) gene leads to metabolic disease phenylketonuria. The…
Q: 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel…
A: When body fluid contains too much acid, the condition is called acidosis. In Diabetes mellitus type…
Q: Which statement is NOT true of the reaction producing malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis? It…
A: Given : Statements regarding the reaction producing malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis.
Q: 5. This question is about unsaturated fatty acid catabolism (B-oxidation). Compare and contrast how…
A: Beta Oxidation of fatty acids is a biochemical process by which cell produce enegy in the…
Q: 1.A fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms will undergo how many cycles of beta oxidation * 2.An…
A: 1.Fatty acid β-oxidation is a multistep process by which fatty acids are broken down by various…
Q: 6. Which of the following is an example for broad substrate specificity? a) Chymotrypsin hydrolyzing…
A: Carbohydrates or carbs are maconutrient consisting of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In nature…
Q: 2. Circle the carbon atoms of the carbohydrate rings of these sugars at which the oxidation takes…
A: If a sugar(Monosaccharide, Disaccharide or Polysaccharide) can cause reduction of other compounds…
Q: 2. Consider a preparation that contain biosynthesis from added malonyl-CoA and acetyl- COA. a. If…
A:
Q: 9. Catabolism, the degradative phase of metabolism, is said to be convergent. This mea that: A. the…
A: Introduction: The term catabolism refers to the breakdown of large complex molecules to form…
Q: 4. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a large, multimeric protein composed of three…
A: It is given that pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a large, multimeric protein composed if…
Q: 7. During amino acid catabolism, how is amino group removed and excreted in the form of urea? Please…
A: During amino acid catabolism, the amino group removed and excreted in the form of urea. The…
Q: 5) A certain aerobic organism is able to metabolize the following glycolipid: "CH,OH OH HO он A.…
A: Carbohydrates form glycosidic bonds with another carbohydrate molecule to form a polysaccharide or…
Q: 2. What are the effects of Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency? Explain its mechanism of…
A:
Q: 4. The catabolic pathways. Match the figure and the letter. A. Common catabolic pathways. B. Krebs…
A: Catabolism and anabolism are together called as metabolism. Catabolism is the breaking down of…
Q: 4. Comment on the following: a. Whereas D-glucose is virtually unaffected by heating in dilute…
A: In the case of glucose, CH2OH first bond is represented by a wedged line which means that this bond…
Please help with question about Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.
Thank you so much!
Step by step
Solved in 5 steps with 1 images
- 1. A biological chemist has isolated a sizable amount of a compound acetyl CoA. a. Look up the structure of acetyl CoA and provide a structure. b. The chemist then reacts this species with catalytic amount of acid in water to free CoA (coenzyme A). Using the arrow formalism, draw a sensible mechanism for the hydrolysis.6. The five steps involved in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA are listed below. For each step, list the enzyme(s) that are involved. 1. Decarboxylate pyruvate 2. Reduction of lipoic acid 3. Transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A 4. Reoxidation of lipoic acid 5. Reoxidation of FADH2 → FAD8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH
- 10. Draw the condensed structural formula for the a-keto-acid produced from each of the following in transamination: Transamination (a) H,N-CH,-CO0- Glycine CH3 Transamination (b) H,N-CH-Coo Alanine22. Which of the following processes results to the formation of D-glucuronic acid in biological systems?A. Oxidation of the carbonyl carbon atom of glucoseB. Oxidation of the first chiral carbon atom of glucoseC. Oxidation of the penultimate carbon atom of glucoseD. Oxidation of the non-chiral alcoholic carbon of glucose23. Peptidoglycan is composed of two monosaccharide units. These are N-acetyl muramic acid and _____.A. β-L-fucoseB. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamineC. N-acetyl-β-D-galactosamineD. Β-D-galactosamine1. Consider the reaction: succinyl-CoA succinate H3C C H₂ a. What kind of reaction is being performed here? H³C C H₂ b. What enzyme performs this reaction? S-COA c. What cofactors, if any, are required for this reaction?
- 33. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? P-O-CH₂ P-O-CH₂ OH A Coo I C=O HOTHS CH₂ Coo A HỌ он D A. The reaction is catalyzed by PFK-1 B. Stimulation of the reaction eventually slows down gluconeogenesis C. Inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phopshate dehydrogenase leads to the accumulation of the product B D. All of the above E. None of the above OH 34. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reaction? COO™ CH₂OH HQ -℗ B CH₂ B C-o-℗ + CO₂ A. Insulin can eventually inhibit the reaction B. The reaction only take place in the presence of acetyl-CoA C. The product B is a high-energy molecule, and the next logical step is to use the energy released from B to synthesize ATP D. All of above E. None of the above9. The equation below depicts the first step of the citric acid cycle. H0 CoA-SH CH-C + 0=C-CO0 HO C-COO citrate s-COA ČH2-COO synthase ČH2 -CO0 Citrate Acetyl-CoA Oxaloacetate AG" = -32.2 kJ/mol a) Explain the chemical conversions that take place during this step. b) Why is this reaction energetically favorable? Explain.2. Consider a preparation that contains all of the enzymes and cofactors needed for fatty acid biosynthesis from added malonyl-CoA and acetyl- COA. a. If [2-H) acetyl-CoA (labeled with deuterium) H-c-C-COA and an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, how many deuterium atoms are incorporated into each palmitate? What are their locations in the palmitate structure? (Draw an expanded structural formula for palmitate showing the locations of the deuterium atoms (as drawn in acetyl-CoA above). Explain your answer.
- 1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital1. Shown below is the intermediate in the aldolase mechanism, after dissociation of the first product (GA-3P). Draw resonance structure of this intermediate showing the carbanion species AND the arrow movement that associated with formation of this resonance structure. CH₂OPO²- H 1 Lys-N-C || -B-H :A- H-B Covalent enzyme- enamine intermediate