5. Distinguish between congestion and collision in internet communication. Discuss three major techniques can be implemented to deal with collisions.
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- 11) Explain the concept of subnetting and its significance in IP addressing.1. Explain and illustrate how Address Resolution Protocol works. 2. Explain how Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) helps in testing network connectivity.19. (a) Draw an example internetwork where the BIDIR-PIM route from a source's router to a group member's router is longer than the PIM-SM source-specific route. (b) Draw an example where they are the same.
- Computer networks Data collision occurs when many senders attempt to access the same medium at the same time; what protocol(s) and at what Layer(s) are available to avoid this? Do these procedures provide reliable, collision-free traffic flow? If that's not the case, what other solutions may be considered?(a) Why is a datagram buffer needed on the output port of a router? (b) Explain why distance vector algorithms are susceptible to interference. (c) Discuss how ICMP can be used to find a routing path between two hosts.Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) as defined in RFC 3168 requires one bit to indicate whether the end- points are ECN capable. What would be the downside of not having this bit?
- 4. (a) "Classful IP addressing was wasteful"- Justify the statement. (b) Considering the case of resolving the name www.google.com, explain the flow of DNS packets as a client device makes a network connection to a specific address.Explore the concept of NAT (Network Address Translation) and its role in optimizing IP address usage.SUBJECT : COMPUTER NETWORKING (PLEASE PROVIDE COMPLETE RELEVANT SOLUTION) Access to media by multiple senders at the same time lead towards data collision, which particular protocol(s) and at what Layer(s) these are available to cater this issue? Does these protocols ensure 100% collision free delivery? If not then what other mechanism are available to resolve the issue?
- a) Explain what is meant by the term "virtual LAN" (VLAN). Explain why VLANs are used in local area networks. b) Explain what is meant by the term classful addressing in relation to the initial allocation of IPv4 address. What problems resulted from classful addressing and how were these problems resolved.How does the "Network Layer" manage "fragmentation and reassembly" of data packets?Define a network congestion?