3. The promoter region contains a consensus sequence where transcription factors bind to initiate transcription. Which of the following is the promoter consensus sequence found in din eukaryotes? Pribnow box AALAAA sequence Shine-Dalgarno sequence Goldberg Hogness box 4. Nonpathogenic microorganisms are present in abundance in the human gut. They help prevent establishment of infection from pathogenic microorganisms by competing for nutrients. Which of the following best describes this process? Geographical isolation Competitive exclusion Selective pressure Mimicry Activate Windo

3. The promoter region contains a consensus sequence where transcription factors bind to initiate transcription. Which of the following is the promoter consensus sequence found in din eukaryotes? Pribnow box AALAAA sequence Shine-Dalgarno sequence Goldberg Hogness box 4. Nonpathogenic microorganisms are present in abundance in the human gut. They help prevent establishment of infection from pathogenic microorganisms by competing for nutrients. Which of the following best describes this process? Geographical isolation Competitive exclusion Selective pressure Mimicry Activate Windo

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter15: Genes And Proteins

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9RQ: Three different bacteria species have the following consensus sequences upstream of a conserved...

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Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?
Three different bacteria species have the following consensus sequences upstream of a conserved gene. Species A Species B Species C -10 TAATAAT TTTAAT TATATT -35 TTGACA TTGGCC TTGAAA Table 15.2 Order the bacteria from most to least efficient initiation of gene transcription. A > B > C B > C > A C > B > A A > C > B
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
Which of the following is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in both bacteria and eukaryotes? (a) promoters (b) non-coding DNA within coding sequences (c) enhancers (d) operons (e) DNA located in a nucleus
of 1. One method of DNA sequencing involves the use chemiluminescent enzymes (e.g., luciferase) to detect signals as the DNA is being synthesized. What is the name of this method? Sanger sequencing lon torrent sequencing Pyrosequencing Illumina sequencing 2. Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide? Phosphate Sugar Glycerol Nitrogenous base
me e File Content 911 Edit verview....pdf X PDF view Histor Biol 140 X Doordena Content acconline.austincc.edu/ultra/courses/_891351_1/cl/outline X Begin: X O Tutorial X Match each term with its best description. You may use each answer choice more than once. location of transcription in prokaryotes RNA triplet on tRNA which pairs complementary to an mRNA codon to ensure correct amino acid is brought into the ribosome during translation 18 Unit 3 X location of translation in all cells process of rewriting DNA code into mRNA code mRNA triplets which code for a specific amino acid Unit 3 ( x process of converting an mRNA transcript into a seuence of amino acids making up a polypeptide folded RNA that carries amino acids and transfers them to the ribosome during translation makes up ribosomes along with proteins location of transcription in eukaryotes intermediate between DNA and protein interpreted as codons specifying certain amino acids Content Your disk is alme Save space by op A.…
Which of the following statements regarding bacterial transcription is FALSE? Question options: transcription begins slightly downstream of the promoter different sigma factors are used by different RNA polymerase enzymes energy for transcription is provided by phosphate bonds within NTPs all these statements are TRUE RNA polymerase initially binds to DNA nonspecifically both strands of a gene are transcribed
Microb an mRNA molecule has the sequence 5'UCA GAA AUG CAC3. Which of the following best describes the tRNA that binds to the third/3rd codon of this mRNA? has anticodon AUG and the amino acid tyrosine It can have any anticodon and any amino acid Has the anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine Has the anticodon CUU and the amino acid glutamic acid must have the anticodon TAC Has anticodon UUC and the amino acid lysine
Which protein subunit specifically binds to the promoter region in prokaryotic cells? α β ω β' σ
2. Shown below is the DNA sequence of a eukaryotic gene that encodes a short peptide. The sequence of the final processed mRNA synthesized from this gene is given below. Genomic DNA sequence: 5'-AGCTCATGTGCGAGTCCTGACGCTGACTAGG-3' 3'-TCGAGTACACGCTCAGGACTGCGACTGATCC-5' Processed mRNA sequence: 5'-G*UCAUGUGCGAACGCUGACUAGGAAAAAAAA....-3' In the genomic DNA sequence shown above, draw a box around each of the two exons in the gene or write the two exon sequences. а. b. In the processed mRNA above, some nucleotides are present that are not coded for in the genomic DNA sequence. Name the two processes that have occurred to add these nucleotides to the mRNA.
1. Draw a diagram of the lac operon. PO I+P+O+Z+Y+ I+P+OcZ+Y- I-P+O+Z+Y+ Lab section (circle): lacz gene lac Y gene lacA gene I+P+O+ZY/IPO+Z+Y- 2. The promoter (P) is the start site of transcription through the binding of RNA polymerase before actual mRNA production. Mutated promoters (P) cannot bind RNA polymerase, so no mRNA is made. In the table below, make predictions about the expression of ß-galactosidase and permease for different partial diploid (F') genotypes. Do this for E. coli growth on two different types of media - one without lactose, and one with. Use a to mark where there is no enzyme produced, and a + to mark where the enzyme is made. The first genotype has all wild-type alleles, and has been filled in as an example. Genotype IPOCZ+Y/I-P+O+Z-Y+ ISP+O+Z+Y/I+P+O+Z*Y* CR 1:00 Lactose absent B-galactosidase Permease R 3:-00 + R 6:30 Lactose present B-galactosidase F 10:00 Permease
The following events are those of RNA-directed RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Place the events in the correct sequence Recognition of the promoter region by the sigma subunit RNA polymerase binds to DNA The sigma subunit dissociates from the complex RNA polymerase catalyzes synthesis of RNA using the DNA as template