2.10 Soaps and Detergents Soaps and enzyme-free detergents belong to a class of compounds called surfactants. They remove dirt and oil from our hands, clothes, and dinnerware, all with no chemi- cal reaction occurring in the process (i.e., no covalent bonds are broken or formed). Instead, the cleansing ability of soaps and detergents depends entirely on intermo- lecular interactions. The molecules specifically responsible for a soap's cleansing properties are typically salts of fatty acids, which are ionic compounds of the form RCO, Na* or RCO, K*. In these compounds, R is a long hydrocarbon chain, and the fatty acid salts generally contain from 12 to 18 carbons. Examples include potassium oleate and sodium palmitate: CH3 CH3 Na H2ha Sodium palmitate C16H3102NA Potassium oleate C18H3302K When a soap dissolves in water, it does so as its individual ions: the metal cation (Na* or K*) and the carboxylate anion (RCO,). Of these two species, the carboxylate anion is the one that is directly responsible for the soap's cleansing properties, because it has vastly different characteristics at its two ends (Fig. 2-26). Specifically:

2.10 Soaps and Detergents Soaps and enzyme-free detergents belong to a class of compounds called surfactants. They remove dirt and oil from our hands, clothes, and dinnerware, all with no chemi- cal reaction occurring in the process (i.e., no covalent bonds are broken or formed). Instead, the cleansing ability of soaps and detergents depends entirely on intermo- lecular interactions. The molecules specifically responsible for a soap's cleansing properties are typically salts of fatty acids, which are ionic compounds of the form RCO, Na* or RCO, K. In these compounds, R is a long hydrocarbon chain, and the fatty acid salts generally contain from 12 to 18 carbons. Examples include potassium oleate and sodium palmitate: CH3 CH3 Na H2ha Sodium palmitate C16H3102NA Potassium oleate C18H3302K When a soap dissolves in water, it does so as its individual ions: the metal cation (Na or K*) and the carboxylate anion (RCO,). Of these two species, the carboxylate anion is the one that is directly responsible for the soap's cleansing properties, because it has vastly different characteristics at its two ends (Fig. 2-26). Specifically:

Chemistry: The Molecular Science

5th Edition

ISBN:9781285199047

Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski

Publisher:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski

Chapter10: Fuels, Organic Chemicals, And Polymers

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 119QRT

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