18. The researchers proposed that the difference in these proportions was due to "compassion fatigue". In otherwords, the physicians on the night shifts (which tended to be the longer shifts) became less compassionate asthey grew tired from caring for patients all through their shifts.Which one of the following is the main reason it would be unwise to make the claim below:In this study, compassion fatigue in these physicians reduced the likelihood of prescribing pain medication.The difference could have been caused by chance acting alone.The dataset only contained records for around 4000 patients.The physicians were not blinded, they knew what kind of shift they were on.The difference between the proportions could have been caused by a confounding variable, such as patientsneeding less medication during the night because they were sleeping.The data only came from patients in one hospital. Researchers investigated the propensity of patients in emergency rooms to be prescribed pain medication. Thedataset for this study included the discharge notes of over 4000 patients attending a hospital emergency roombetween 2014 and 2019.Choshen-hillel, S., Sadras, I., Gordon-hecker, T., Genzer, S., Rekhtman, D., & Caruso, E. M. (2022). Physiciansprescribe fewer analgesics during night shifts than day shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,119(27), e2200047119.Two of the variables collected are described below:Shift Type The type of shift the attending physicianwas working at the time the patient wasseen.Prescription- Day shift(8 or 15 hour shift starting at 8am)Night shift(12 or 16 hour shift starting at 8pm)Whether or not pain medication wasprescribed- Prescribed- Not prescribedThe data collected on these two variables is displayed in the two-way table of counts below:Shift typePrescribed Not-prescribed Total1249164428934338311264168224754157Table 1: A two-way table of counts of the patient dataDay shiftNight shiftPrescriptionLet:Pd be the underlying proportion of patients,seen by a Day shift physician, whoreceived a prescription for painmedication.andPn be the underlying proportion of patients,seen by a Night shift physician, whoreceived a prescription for pain medication.The t-procedures tool was used to carry out a two-sided test for no difference between pd and Pn. Output fromthe t-procedures tool is given in Figure 1.%Confidence level 95se(p1 - p₂) = 0.0162t-multiplier = 1.96Hypothesised value for P₁ - P20two-tailed P-value = 0.0000 (4 d.p.)Figure 1: Screenshot of the t-procedures tool

Question

18. The researchers proposed that the difference in these proportions was due to &#34;compassion fatigue&#34;. In otherwords, the physicians on the night shifts (which tended to be the longer shifts) became less compassionate asthey grew tired from caring for patients all through their shifts.Which one of the following is the main reason it would be unwise to make the claim below:In this study, compassion fatigue in these physicians reduced the likelihood of prescribing pain medication.The difference could have been caused by chance acting alone.The dataset only contained records for around 4000 patients.The physicians were not blinded, they knew what kind of shift they were on.The difference between the proportions could have been caused by a confounding variable, such as patientsneeding less medication during the night because they were sleeping.The data only came from patients in one hospital. Researchers investigated the propensity of patients in emergency rooms to be prescribed pain medication. Thedataset for this study included the discharge notes of over 4000 patients attending a hospital emergency roombetween 2014 and 2019.Choshen-hillel, S., Sadras, I., Gordon-hecker, T., Genzer, S., Rekhtman, D., & Caruso, E. M. (2022). Physiciansprescribe fewer analgesics during night shifts than day shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,119(27), e2200047119.Two of the variables collected are described below:Shift Type The type of shift the attending physicianwas working at the time the patient wasseen.Prescription- Day shift(8 or 15 hour shift starting at 8am)Night shift(12 or 16 hour shift starting at 8pm)Whether or not pain medication wasprescribed- Prescribed- Not prescribedThe data collected on these two variables is displayed in the two-way table of counts below:Shift typePrescribed Not-prescribed Total1249164428934338311264168224754157Table 1: A two-way table of counts of the patient dataDay shiftNight shiftPrescriptionLet:Pd be the underlying proportion of patients,seen by a Day shift physician, whoreceived a prescription for painmedication.andPn be the underlying proportion of patients,seen by a Night shift physician, whoreceived a prescription for pain medication.The t-procedures tool was used to carry out a two-sided test for no difference between pd and Pn. Output fromthe t-procedures tool is given in Figure 1.%Confidence level 95se(p1 - p₂) = 0.0162t-multiplier = 1.96Hypothesised value for P₁ - P20two-tailed P-value = 0.0000 (4 d.p.)Figure 1: Screenshot of the t-procedures tool

Accepted Answer

We have a test for the difference between the proportion of patients seen by day shift or night…