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13.List several antibiotics and a natural protein that specifically targets peptidoglycan; define MRSA*
16.Describe the structure and function of the bacterial membrane and why it is selective permeability
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- Which of these statements is true? An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of other viruses An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of eukaryotic cells An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that prevents growth of the same prokaryote.2. C. albicans is part of our normal flora but is not a prokaryotic cell. Using that information, explain why it is one of the most common causes of superinfections following treatment with antibiotics? Discuss the fact that albicans is a eukaryotic cell, like your own cell. Discuss selective toxicity. What are antibiotics based on?1. What is host resistance in bacteria? 2. What is gram staining technique? 3. Difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes. 4. What are microtubules in cell? 5. Define endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, vesicles, golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, vacuole, pili and fimbriae, transcription, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA 6. Meaning of primitive cells.
- 1. Describe the structure and function of the bacterial cell wall, and explain its importance as a target for antibiotics. 2. Explain the Gram-negative envelope structure and the role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in pathogenesis. Describe the functions of a cell membrane. 3. 4. Explain how nutrients are transported and how energy is spent to drive transport. 5. Describe the cell wall structure, and explain how it protects bacteria from osmotic shock. 6. Explain the arrangement and function of the Gram-positive cell wall and teichoic acids. 7. Explain the arrangement and function of the Gram-negative outer membrane, LPS, and periplasm. 8. Describe how DNA is organized within the bacterial cell.2. A pharmacologist discovers a new fungal metabolite with unusual antimicrobial properties. It naturally concentrates in the endosomes, lysosomes, and phagolysosomes of cells and directly kills microorganisms (eg, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that are normally resistant to degradation in the phagolysosomes. It has the undesirable effect of raising the pH within phagolysosomes. Which of the following processes will be primarily affected? A) Class I MHC molecule peptide loading o B) Class II MHC molecule peptide loading C) B-Microglobulin surface expression D) Peptide binding to TCRaß E) Peptide binding to TCRYS1_Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis by: a.Binding irreversibly to transpeptidase and inhibit cross linking the peptidoglycan chains b.Acting on the final stage of peptidoglycan assembly c.Acting on the enzyme that assembles a growing glycan chain d.Interfering with one of the early stages of synthesis of peptidoglycan Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere please answer should not be palgarised
- 1. Give the reasons why all bacteria contin storage granules at all stages in their life cycle. Answer and explain this comprehensively.3c. All eukaryotes have an associated microbiome, often including mutualistic associations that are critical for normal function. Why are these associations so common in eukaryotes? Be sure to include your answers to question 2 in your explanation.4. Describe the differences between the gram positive and the gram negative cell wall. Where is peptidoglycan found? Do eukaryotes have peptidoglycan? Where is the periplasm found? Where is the outer membrane found? LPS? Lipid A? Endotoxin? Can endotoxin induced shock? Does endotoxin have anything to do with septic shock? What are cytokines and what does a cytokine storm have to do with septic shock? How does an exotoxin differ from endotoxin? What does lysozyme do? Where is lysozyme found? What does penicillin do? I.
- 16. Why 70% alcohol is used as a disinfectant? Circle all possible explanation. O A. Alcohol denatures proteins in the plasma membrane or viral body thus destroying it rendering them ineffective and causing cell death or inhibiting reproduction. V B. Water is used as a catalyst for the denaturation of proteins that leads to cell membrane destruction. O c. Alcohol can be taken in orally, destroys cells that entered the body. V D. Diluted alcohol evaporates slower compared to a pure alcohol since its highly volatile, providing more time for chemical reactions to take place. O E. 100% alcohol coagulates proteins instantly creating a film that protects the other proteins from further coagulation preventing other alcohol molecules to react and destroy the cell membrane. O F. Alcohol has a dehydrating effect and may interfere with the functioning of cell membranes.The following statement(s) is/are .6 * correct about bacteriophages exiting 1 E) Virions of bacteriophages exit by lysing bacterial cells Bacteriophages may break down cell wall's peptidoglycan by producing enzymes Bacteriophages may inhibit host enzymes with roles in cell wall synthesis Bacteriophages lyse bacterial cells by covering their virions with cell membranes a, b, and c a, and b9. Define adherence of the bacterial disease process. Why is this step so important for bacterial infections? 10. List the four ways that bacteria evade or subvert the immune system during the Establishment and Surviving Host Defenses stage of the bacterial disease process. 11. Define exotoxins. How do exotoxins damage and destroy cells? Can exotoxins affect all cell types in the human body? Explain your answer. 12. Create (draw) a table to compare and contrast the following respiratory agents: Streptococcus pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae for the 5 steps of the bacterial disease process (portal of entry. adherence, establishment, invasiveness, and portal of exit) (3 points)