12:42 PM 74 Coal 4 to 9 Natural gas Wind 4 to 10.5 8.6 4.8 to 9.1 8.2 4.5 to 15.5 8.8 Solar National average cost of electricity to residential custom- ers: 11e/kWh 46% utilizes coal and natural gas as the primary fuel source. What about the ethical aspects of the govemment's allow- ance for these plants to continue polluting the atmosphere with the emissions that may cause health problems for citizens and further the effects of global warming? What types of regulations, if any, should be developed for PEC (and other generators) to follow in the future? 3. You developed an interest in the LEC relation and the publicized cost of electricity of 10.27e/kWh for this year. You wonder if the addition of 60 MW of wind-sourced electricity will make any difference in the LEC value for this next year. You did learn the following: This is year 11 for LEC computation purposes 1-25 years i=5% per year Case Study E-5.052 billion kWh 57 LEC last year was 10.22 e/kWh (last year's breakeven cost to customers) From these sketchy data, can you determine the value of un- knowns in the LBC relation for this year? Is it possible to determine if the wind farm addition of 60 MW makes any difference in the electricity rate charged to customers? If not. what additional information is necessary to determine the LEC with the wind source included? CASE STUDY REFRIGERATOR SHELLS Background Large refrigerator manufacturers such as Whirlpool, General Electric, Frigidaire, and others may subcontract the molding of their plastic liners and door panels. One prime national subcon- tractor is Innovations Plastics. Because of improvements in me- chanical properties, the molded plastic can sustain increased ver- tical and horizontal loading, thus significantly reducing the need for attached metal anchors for some shelving. However, im- proved molding equipment is needed to enter this market now. The company president wants a recommendation on whether Innovations should offer the new technology to the major man- ufacturers and an estimate of the necessary capital investment to enter this market. You work as an engineer for Innovations. At this stage. you are not expected to perform a complete engineering eco- nomic analysis, for not enough information is available. You are asked to formulate reasonable alternatives, determine what data and estimates are needed for each one, and ascer tain what criteria (economic and noneconomic) should be utilized to make the final decision. Information Some information useful at this time is as follows: ⚫ The technology and equipment are expected to last about 10 years before new methods are developed. ⚫ Inflation and income taxes will not be considered in the analysis. The expected returns on capital investment used for the last three new technology projects were compound rates of 15%, 5%, and 18%. The 5% rate was the criterion for enhancing an employee-safety system on an existing chemical-mixing process. ⚫Equity capital financing beyond $5 million is not possible. The amount of debt financing and its cost are unknown. ⚫Annual operating costs have been averaging 8% of first cost for major equipment. • Increased annual training costs and salary requirements for handling the new plastics and operating new equip- ment can range from $800,000 to $1.2 million. There are two manufacturers working on the new-generation equipment. You label these options as alternatives A and B. Case Study Exercises 1. Use the first four steps of the decision-making process to generally describe the alternatives and identify what economic-related estimates you will need to complete an engineering economy analysis for the president. 2. Identify any noneconomic factors and criteria to be com- sidered in making the alternative selection. 3. During your inquiries about alternative B from its manu facturer, you learn that this company has already produced a prototype molding machine and has sold it to a company in Germany for $3 million (US. dollars). Upon inquiry. you further discover that the German company already has unused capacity on the equipment for manufacturing plastic shells. The company is willing to sell time on the equipment to Innovations immediately to produce its own shells for U.S. delivery. This could allow immediate mar ket entry into the United States. Consider this as alterna- tive C, and develop the estimates necessary to evaluate C at the same time as alternatives A and B. =