1. Nearly 500 million people in the world are estimated to have diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders that share the hallmark of elevated blood Diabetic state Pancreas -B-cell a-cell glucose levels that persist over long periods of time. Type 1 diabetes is caused by a loss of insulin- producing cells in the pancreas, while Type 2 diabetes is associated primarily with insulin resistance, meaning that insulin is produced, but the body is insensitive to it and cells unable to efficiently take up glucose from the blood stream. In addition to reducing uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues, reduced insulin production or increased insulin resistance are trigger the liver to activate glucose production by gluconeogenesis, further increasing blood glucose levels and exacerbating the disease. As such, a frontline treatment for Type 2 diabetes is the drug metformin, which acts indirectly to inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver. You are a research biochemist who would like to develop new drugs that act to directly inhibit gluconeogenesis. You have just gained access to a library of thousands of small molecules of unknown activity, and you would like to identify lead compounds that have specific inhibitory activity against steps in the gluconeogenesis pathway. L Insulin LInsulin TGlucagon Glucose; ↑ Glucose Peripheral tissues TGluconeogenesis ↑ Glycogenolysis Liver (a) What additional steps and enzymes are required in liver cells but are unnecessary in your in vitro reconstitution?
1. Nearly 500 million people in the world are estimated to have diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders that share the hallmark of elevated blood Diabetic state Pancreas -B-cell a-cell glucose levels that persist over long periods of time. Type 1 diabetes is caused by a loss of insulin- producing cells in the pancreas, while Type 2 diabetes is associated primarily with insulin resistance, meaning that insulin is produced, but the body is insensitive to it and cells unable to efficiently take up glucose from the blood stream. In addition to reducing uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues, reduced insulin production or increased insulin resistance are trigger the liver to activate glucose production by gluconeogenesis, further increasing blood glucose levels and exacerbating the disease. As such, a frontline treatment for Type 2 diabetes is the drug metformin, which acts indirectly to inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver. You are a research biochemist who would like to develop new drugs that act to directly inhibit gluconeogenesis. You have just gained access to a library of thousands of small molecules of unknown activity, and you would like to identify lead compounds that have specific inhibitory activity against steps in the gluconeogenesis pathway. L Insulin LInsulin TGlucagon Glucose; ↑ Glucose Peripheral tissues TGluconeogenesis ↑ Glycogenolysis Liver (a) What additional steps and enzymes are required in liver cells but are unnecessary in your in vitro reconstitution?
Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Chapter37: The Endocrine System
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 2VCQ: Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from...
Related questions
Question
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:
9781947172517
Author:
Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:
OpenStax
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap…
Biology
ISBN:
9781337408332
Author:
Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:
9781947172517
Author:
Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:
OpenStax
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap…
Biology
ISBN:
9781337408332
Author:
Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:
Cengage Learning
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions
Nursing
ISBN:
9781305441620
Author:
WOODROW
Publisher:
Cengage
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap…
Biology
ISBN:
9781305073951
Author:
Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:
Cengage Learning