1. Carbohydrates a. If lactose were to react with an acid or an enzyme within the gastric system, what type of compound(s) would be formed in the stomach? explain. b. If fructose is ingested, but in this case you have just taken an alkaline medicine (milk of magnesium, for example), what would be the result of this mixture in our stomach? c. Explain in your own words what the Benedict test is (use at least one example). d. Arrange the next molecule in a chain OH CH₂OH OH OH OH (Ctr)-
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- If the fat in whole milk is ingested: a. the stomach, with its high pH, will stimulate cells of the duodenum to hasten stomach emptying. b. parietal cells in the stomach will absorb it. c. in the small intestine, bile salts emulsify the fats and then lipase hydrolyzes them. d. lactase deficiency in the small intestine would prevent its digestion. e. microvilli will absorb the fat in the form of chylomicrons directly into the blood of the hepatic portal vein.29. List the four steps in Rumination: a. b. C. d. 30. Carbon dioxide and methane produced during fermentation is eliminated by the ruminant through the process of. This occurs approximately per minute. 31. In ruminants, are absorbed into the blood as their main source of energy. 32. List the three parts of the small intestine. vd seooulg boold owol a. b. С. 33. Identify the parts of the Gl tract on this illustration 1 3 4 6. 7 8 9. 10 34. Lymphoid tissue called are found1.A patient with chronic pancreatitis and hence decreased secretory function of pancreas was prescribed an enzymatic drug «Enzystal» before each meal. Explain this prescription. For that: a)Name pansreatic enzymes, participating in digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. What is their pH optimum and how is it reached in duodenum? b) Draw the scheme representing the cascade of activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. Indicate the mechanism ofactivation and its reversability c)Why are proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreas in inactive form? d)What recommendations on diet can be given to this patient?
- 34) Bile….which one of the following is clearly incorrect? a. initiates emulsification of lipids b. contains bicarbonate c. is produced in the liver and pancreas d. is stored in the gall bladder e. despite acting as a detergent, it’s primary component is water8. The adipose tissue is not only store triacylglycerols but also is active endocrine organ. Explain this function of the adipose tissuc. For that: a) explain the «clinical obesity» and possible consequences of the discase; b) name the biologically active molecules secreted by the adipose tissue; c) explain how secretion of these molecules changes with development of obesity. 9. A daily dict ofa 55-ycar-old woman, consisted ofa 500 g of carbohydrates, 100g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity.Can fat be digested and absorbed in the absence of bile salts? Explain.a
- If your gallbladder were surgically removed, how would thisaffect your digestion of fatty meals? What diet alterationsmight you have to make after this surgery?3. Clinicians work on the case of a patient with chronic pancreatitis. This disease leads to insufficient secretion of the pancreatic juice into the small intestine. What changes in the dietary lipid processing that discase will cause? For the answer: a) draw the reactions of TAG digestion and the conditions they require; b) list all possible consequences of lipid indigestion; c) list the essential lipid compounds that would have a faulty absorption due to this discase; d) name the other detrimental causes of lipid indigestion and malabsorption.28.Explain the purpose of bile acids and fatty acid-binding proteins in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
- 5. The inflammation associated with atrophic gastritis and a damage to the stomach lining causes digestive problems; nutrient deficiencies are observed as well. Patients suffer from weight loss, vomiting, lack of appetite, nausca, iron deficiency anemia, pain in the stomach. Why these symptoms occur in damaged protein digestion in the stomach? For the answer: a) point out the valuc of gastric juice pH in healthy pcople; b) specify functions of HCI; c) describe which peptidase takes part in protein digestion in stomach: peculia- rity of its activation and specificity.Match the following terms and definitions A. prediabetes B. lactose deficiency C. viscous fibers D. Gastric lipase E. starches F. Point of saturation G. Chylomicron H. Cellulose I. Glucagon J. sugars K. satiety L. Ketone bodies M. Cholesterol N. Small intestine O. Linoleic acid P. protein-sparing action 1. Simple carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, or both 2. Plant polysaccharides composed of many glucose molecules 3. Fibers that have gel-forming properties 4. The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal 5. A lack of the enzyme required to digest the disaccharide lactose into its component monosaccharides 6. The action of carbohydrate (and fat) in providing energy that allows protein to be used for other purposes 7. A condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but below the diagnosis of diabetes 8. Acidic compounds produced by the liver during…1. State if true or false a. GLUT5 transporter carries fructose from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte. b. Microbial enzymes can digest carbohydrates containing β–1,4 bonds