Unit 4 Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology

Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body.

• *Describe the structure and list the functions of the various epithelial tissues, including glandular epithelium. Reference Table 5.5.

4) List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major functions of each

55) Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue? Keratin

P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.

The Integumentary system is defined as “an organ system consisting in the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands” (Integumentary System, 1999). This systems main purpose is to protect the body from the environment around it. The skin covers and protects tissues, nerves, veins, and muscles of the body. The hair and nails give extra strength in reinforcing the skin while keeping the body warm and protecting the skin from harmful UV rays. The exocrine glands of the skin include the sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, and the ceruminous glands. Each exocrine gland has a different function as well as location in the skin. The following text will explain the effects of melanoma on the integumentary system.

The integumentary system also known as skin; surrounds the entire human body therefore being the largest organ. The skin and its annexes like hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, etc. The main functions of the integumentary system is to function as a protective barrier, that keeps our body free from intrusion of foreign materials, microorganisms and prevents dehydration as well as protecting from desiccation and there are other functions also helps in elimination of waste products and in the regulation of our body tempeture. There are many other functions of the integumentary system and each organ involved in this system has its own particular use

3. Describe the primary functions of each type of body tissue and give examples of each.

The Skin has numerous functions as it serves as a protective barrier, regulates body temperatures, controls water retention, and secretes sweat and so on. The anatomy of skin can be broken down into three different layers which include; the epidermis, dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue also known as the hypodermis. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between the layers of skin and friction skin

* How would you describe the structure and function of this animal’s respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing.

The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

Define equilibrium potential: Equilibrium channels can be calculated using the Nernst Equation and the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Equilibrium potentials are membrane potentials when an ion does not diffuse through the membrane. It is also associated with potassium leaving the cell through leak channels.

Bone growth in length is directed by the primary ossification center located in the diaphysis and the secondary ossification center in the epiphysis of the bone. The juncture at which these two ossification centers meet is called a growth plate. As the name suggests, this is the primary area of lengthening of the bone. Cartilage cells are added to the growth plate in the Zone of Proliferation. These cartilage cells enlarge and are compressed to form the longitudinal trabeculae matrix in the Zone of Hypertrophy. The enlarged cells begin to degenerate, and the trabeculae calcify in the Zone of Calcified Cartilage. Osteoblasts secrete uncalcified bone matrix over the calcified cartilage along with blood vessels and connective tissues growing into the area from the primary ossification center. Finally, in the Zone of Cartilage Removal and Bone Deposition, the calcified cartilage is reabsorbed leaving behind the spongy bone. Where osteoblasts and osteoclasts actively remodel the spongy bone tissue to allow for growth and to adapt to stress placed on the bone. The same procedure occurs in the secondary ossification center located in the epiphysis of the bone. Therefore the bone is allowed to grow in length from the center and at the

Characteristics: Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier 2) Always has one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ 3) Always had one fixed part to connective tissue underneath.

The 11 organ systems of the body are the skin, musculoskeletal, nerves, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, endocrine, urinary/excretory, reproductive and digestive. Although each of your 11 organs system has a unique function, each organ system also depends, directly or indirectly, on all the others.