The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Intelligence

When someone brings up the term “artificial intelligence”, a variety of connotations tend to arise, connotations that often are unfair or unrepresentative of the true real-world applications of such a term. Due to the incidentally fear-mongering nature of the media, artificial intelligence can refer to something as basic as a robotic arm in a factory, as well as the implied extinction and/or enslavement of the human race as caused by robo-revolution. As of today, however, when applied in the world of modern technology, artificial intelligence is defined as any innovation that performs a task usually completed by humans. Of course, with this definition, artificial intelligence holds the potential for both societal harm and benefit, and its fate

“Can machines have morality?” This is the question proposed both by the research duo Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky in the paper The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Michael R. LaChat in the article Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: An Exercise in the Moral Imagination; however, of the two, Bostrom’s and Yudkowsky’s paper made the more effective argument. Bostrom and Yudkowsky support their argument using extensive use of both logical reasoning and indisputable facts. Contrastingly, LaChat’s article in A.I. Magazine uses mostly personal feelings and thoughts to concatenate his argument. Despite the different techniques the authors used to augment their interpretations of the possibilities and applications of ethics in pertinence

Autonomous weapons, machines and systems capable of reason and deduction without need of any human reference or guidance have caused many questions to be proposed. Some have asked whether the enhanced capabilities of such systems should change the way humans treat the actions of such machines. Do they pose a threat to humans similar to that of a kitchen knife that has to be misused by a person to cause harm? Or should they be treated like that of an enemy soldier, that despite it only doing it main function, nevertheless has to take responsibility for his actions? Some ask whether it is ethical for a machine to be able to decide on its own to take a human life, and with no one pulling the trigger, how do you judge the gun, or any tool with

The 19th and 20th Centuries came in a wave of technological advances that have become intertwined in humanity. Smartphones are the most commonly used technology that contain artificial intelligence today. Artificial intelligence continues to advance and expand surpassing the aspiring ideas from the 1920’s. Artificial Intelligence has a strong impact on the future.

In recent years, advancements in robotics has been bringing humans and machines to work together. Many autonomous systems are being used for variety of things. Robots can be used for simple tasks like mowing the lawn and vacuuming to advanced tasks like self-driving vehicles. Many of these robots are given artificial intelligence (AI). Development of AI has recently become a major topic among philosophers and engineers. One major concern is the ethics of computers with AI. Robot ethics (roboethics) is an area of study about rules that should be created to ensure that robots behave ethically. Humans are morally obligated to ensure that machines with artificial intelligence behave ethically.

It’s no secret that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is taking over the world, to be as dramatic as possible. With technology getting so advanced, it’s now a whole different ball game than it was before when the first smartphone was created, and with that comes more cons than pros. Such as how will the wealth be distributed and who’s accountable for problems? One question that remains as technology gets more advanced is, “How would people distribute all of the money made by machines?”. More jobs are being taken by the use of advanced technology. Unfortunately, people no longer can work for money meaning the only ones that make money are the people behind the technology. It has always been that a person is supposed to get the education they need to get the job they desire, when they obtain a job they get paid for the work. Moreover, when a person gets paid, they use the money for various purposes and distribute the money back into the economy, then the cycle repeats itself. If there is no money, how will people pay for what they need? Money has always been a way to buy and sell goods and services. Another issue out of many that arises, is that as AI gets more advanced who is to blame if the program is prejudice, or does harm to a human, or even when they spiral out of control? Are the creators to blame? And if so, which one? The problem only gets worse as the programs become more advanced.

Flying saucers piloted by alien robots, fully intent upon extinguishing all human life, sounds like something from a black and white movie. Whether on television, in books or real life, technology encompasses the daily lives of nearly every person on the planet, and for good reason. A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence states, “Robots, and artificially created beings such as the Golem in Jewish tradition and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, have always captured the public’s imagination, in part by playing on our fears” (Buchanan). The world now has a closer relationship with machines than ever before, none of which have physically harmed anyone while exercising free will. Several of the world’s most brilliant minds have raised a red flag on artificial intelligence by declaring a possible threat to humanity and calling on powers, such as the United Nations, to ban further military advancements in the field. The pros of AI, by far, outweigh the cons and it is time for these scholars to adhere to what they do best and leave science fiction to bestseller lists of decades gone by.

Some machines are capable to acquire their own knowledge by extracting patterns from raw data, a phenomenon known as machine learning (ML) (Bengio, Ian and Aaron 2016). Without question, many aspects of modern society have been deeply impacted by these machine learning systems. Furthermore, ML claims to accomplish simple results that can be effortlessly understood by humans (Michie, et al. 1994). Outputs from these systems that are used in service systems include, but are not limited to offering customers new items and narrowing down their search based on their interests; language understanding, object recognition, speech perception, and identifying and favoring significant results of online searches (Yann , Yoshua and Geoffrey 2015). It is important to emphasize that even though human intervention is necessary for background knowledge, the operational phase is expected to be without human interaction (Michie, et al. 1994). Consequently, these systems must be able to learn through time. According to Alpaydin (2004), they must be able to evolve and optimize a performance criterion in order to adapt to the environmental changes to which they are exposed over time. These systems do that through the use of past experience or example data.

Alan Turing cracked the enigma code on July 9th, 1941 and laid the infrastructure for artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has come a long way since the first robot was perfected. In 1950, Alan Turing published, Computer Machinery and Intelligence. This book introduced the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it today. Millions of robots with advanced technology and uses are being created every day since the emergence of this first robot occurred in 1969. While the world advances, so is technology. Technology is progressing and becoming better and more reliable, each day. Artificial intelligence is a certain type of technology that is resourceful nationwide. People use it in the medical field, it’s also been helpful to military forces, this technology is truly helping our world to become a better place.

The problem of thought associated with a machine raises ethical issues on a scientific perspective. So, how can we engage and act to develop the systems necessary for a peaceful life for human beings and especially in order not to be responsible for a collapse of humanism by wrapping in an autonomous and dense monitoring system throughout the society? Can a machine really think, understand and be conscious?

This was not only a breakthrough for AI and HCI, but it also proved that the concept of machines helping humans was a success. Interestingly enough, during years of Watson’s development there were moments where Watson hit a wall and required engineers to step in to help reach the level. In the same regard Watson has helped humans solve hurdles in HCI development. Watson was a benchmark that left no questions whether or not humans plus machines is the optimal way to proceed into the future. This solidified IBM’s goal to support HCI technology with “Cognitive systems that must learn at scale, reason with purpose, and interact with humans naturally”, Dr. Kelly.

Presently, the current investment of the company is in artificial intelligence. In 2011, IBM presented Watson, a supercomputer, based on cognitive science, on an American television quiz show “Jeopardy”. The robot, competed with two of the best winners, the challenge of the competition was to guess the question for the answer informed by the presenter. Watson won the game. This was a more popular form encountered by IBM to promote the novel system they are waggling to be a milestone in the IT industry. Pisani (2014), consider this novel computing will likewise modify the way Business is normally conducted. The cognitive computers are not able to think by itself, however, it is capable to learn. This system has ability to absorb information, interact, also it is apt to propose solutions. The company will deliver the novelty with other system, cloud computing, area where IBM was legged in the market competition. Watson it is a system which is compounded by different capabilities as analytics, NPL as well “machine learning techniques”. Each the system receives and process information by interacting with users, becomes smarter and absorb more knowledge. (Hurwitz, Kaufman and Bowles, 2015; p.

But AI is certainly more than a novelty – research in AI is not just for the sake of creating human -like automatons. There are many potential applications of AI that could revolutionize how human beings interact with computers. So much of how people live their lives has changed since the commercialization of the computer. Every man, woman, and child seems to have a smart phone these days, and there isn't a job out there that doesn't require some proficiency in computer use. Imagine then, the impact of AI on society and the economic landscape. Not only would computers process data extremely fast, but they would possess the same intelligence as human beings. One application in particular is poised to have an enormous effect on one of the biggest industries in the United States and abroad: health care. The same technology that Watson used to win Jeopardy can be used to process all kinds of unstructured information. Medical diagnostics are based on research, records, and personal experience. AI could be used to scan through this information with incredible speed and accuracy, resulting in well-founded diagnoses without ever entering the doctor's office. This is just one of the ways that AI may change how things are done in the modern world. But how close are we?

There are two types of innovation, incremental innovations which improving existing products or practices, but IBM’s research teams are encouraged to take on “grand challenges,” challenges that drive science. These grand challenges produce radical innovations which provide new and very different solutions; the development of Watson was no exception. Watson is a competence enhancing innovation for IBM and is built on existing knowledge from IBM’s research in AI. AI’s S-curve in technology improvement has been slow to improve mainly because it has been poorly understood. Language is one of the areas concerning AI that has been the slowest to improve. As humans we relate words, images, phrases, and ideas back into the way we think which is called natural language. Since the begging of the computer era people have expected computers to be able to understand and speak in natural language, however so far computers have failed to be able to do so. Natural language is very complex, something that computers have a hard time following. Computers are used to clear-cut commands in language where as human language is something different. In the development of Watson the

Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how production would occur and by whom and how it would eventually be implemented and used by our society. The potential benefits and uses of artificial intelligence really excited me and the endless possibilities of what we could accomplish really propelled