To what extent is public opinion of the war in Afghanistan influenced by the nature of the war?
After the September 2001 terrorist attacks against the world trade centre in the USA, the British public revealed growing support for joining America in its mission aimed to capture the ringleader of international terrorism, Osama Bin Laden, and ending the rule of the Taliban government of Afghanistan. In 2001, approximately 65% of the British public supported sending troops to Afghanistan. In the ten years after the conflict began, public support for this military intervention has declined significantly.
The Afghan war has triggered the British Election Study to devote a section of the study to public opinion of the Afghan war, regularly asking
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In fact, most scholars who research support for military intervention focus their research around a cost-benefit analysis, for example Gelpi ad lib (2009), Larson (1996) and Clarke (2009). Therefore casualty count only further decreases already swiftly falling support. This research report will focus primarily on the cost-benefit analysis aspect of public opinion.
Alexander Moseley’s theory of ‘just’ war (2009) summarises conditions necessary for a nation’s involvement to be ‘just’ and provides a good framework to base scientific research around. Research dating back to the thirteenth century shows that public opinion declines as the war is perceived to be no longer worth fighting or ‘just’. His conditions are as follows: (Note that casualty count is omitted)
1) The cause is ‘just’
2) The warring party must have suffered some injustice at the hands of the opponent
3) It was declared by a proper authority
4) Nation’s intentions are righteous
5) There is reasonable chance of success
6) The ends of the war are proportional to the means
OMITTED VARIABLES
1 and 4 can be considered as whether going to war is moral – US and NATO had a case – Taliban was a safe haven for al-Qaeda that had attacked civilian targets in 2001 and 2005. Berinsky – allied forces destroyed many of al-Qaeda’s bases and end of Taliban – then nation building – same sort of thing as a
For over 2 centuries, Afghanistan has known virtually no time without war. Beginning around 326 B.C. with the conquests of Alexander the Great, to the Persians, British, Russians and most recently, America and our NATO allies, Afghanistan has been cultivated into the country that it is today through a trial by fire. Regardless of this relentless onslaught of foreign military power, the Afghan people have tirelessly defended their homeland with no outside power ever being able to subdue them completely. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet Union in 1989, the country fell into civil war, torn even further apart by fiercely dedicated tribal warlords. This power vacuum led to the rise of a group called the Taliban. Led by a one eyed man
Many of the democrats within the legislative branch turned against Johnson’s war. Scholar’s conflict on the reason why Johnson’s own party turned against him, some scholars attribute it to the growing number of antiwar constituents, while other scholars such as E.M. Schreiber, Burstein and Freudenburg cite the numerous deaths of American soldiers in combat. One democrat by the name of Eugene McCarthy labeled the entire Vietnam War as an “error” and describes the Johnson administration as “misguided.” McCarthy decides to run for President, but loses in the primaries by a slim margin to Johnson, further indicating that the antiwar movement was gaining significant momentum. Things were only beginning to get even worse as the Tet Offensive
The main goal of the war in the beginning was to kill Osama bin Laden, the leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda that was supposedly responsible for the September 11 attacks. When this task was finally accomplished, members of al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other organizations became angry and vengeful and started to resent the United States even more; new terrorist groups emerged, such as ISIS or ISIL. The “War on Terror” has therefore become an “Encouragement of Terror.” In addition, the war has exacerbated the reputation of the United States among American and Middle Eastern citizens. When the war first started, the media used propaganda techniques to influence people to support the troops and the president in the war effort. Because the war has raged on for 13 years and has caused thousands of deaths, the people of America have started to lose hope in their government, and the amount of war protests have dramatically increased since 2001. People originally supported the United States in their intention of setting up a democratic government in Afghanistan in an effort to help the people living there. This claim ended up being a propaganda technique in order to raise support for the war; even though the United States has helped improve some conditions and the lives of civilians, their original goals have not been met. This method proved
For the past 13 years the United States has been involved in the Afghanistan war, and the reasons for the continuation of the Afghanistan war are very blurry. Not only are the reasons for the United States to fight the war blurry, but it seems the the cost vs. benefit of fighting the war do not equal. Only
“Over the past century, Canadian attitudes towards the use of force and the exercise of military power in support of national aims have fundamentally shifted”. This is a quote written by Major Todd Strickland in his article, titled, “From the Boers to the Taliban: How Canadians Attitudes towards War Have Changed”. This article reviews Canada’s history within the wars and also Canadian’s thoughts on war. The Afghan war began in 2001 and is still ongoing today. The war began due to the terrorist attacks that took place in the United States on September 11th, 2001, also known as 9/11. The purpose of this war was to invade Afghanistan and to disassemble an organization, known as the al-Qaeda terrorist organization. Another objective was to
Since the war on Iraq began on March 20, 2003, at least 1,402 coalition troops have died and 9,326 U.S. troops have been wounded in action. This is no small number and the count grows daily. One would hope, then, that these men and women were sent to war with just cause and as a last resort. However, as the cloud of apprehension and rhetoric surrounding the war has begun to settle, it has become clear that the Bush administration relied on deeply flawed analyses to make its case for war to the United Nations and to the American people, rushing this country, and its soldiers, into war. This is not to say that this war was waged against a blameless regime or that our soldiers have died
Throughout history, many people have debated over the ethics of war and peace which lead to the creation of the just war theory. There have been a number of wars in the past and even in today’s world that have been proven to be unjustified by the means of this theory. Any war in my opinion, is hard to justify due to the violence, destructiveness, the nature of humans doing during war, and the impact it has on humans and the world. However, I have chosen to discuss why America’s decision to jump in to World War II was justified and by proving it by using the just war theory, mainly focusing on jus ad bellum.
The War in Afghanistan has been an all consuming conflict for the US government since we started to launch air strikes on October 7, 2001. This is a conflict that’s been brewing since before the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. This war has the continuation of past conflicts in it, conflicts that can be connected a good deal to the interference of other large powers, such as the USSR. From keeping an eye on the oil reserves, pressuring Iran, and keeping Pakistan stable, our interests and motives for occupying Afghanistan are undeniably laced with many ulterior motives, providing us with the issue of unfavorable opinion and our interests being the source of terrorist attacks. Afghanistan is a country that has been plagued with
One of the components of war that make it justful is that the cause of the war must be just. In other words, the attacking country must inflict lasting, grave, and certain damage for it to qualify as just to fight back. Also if basic human rights are being violated by a group of people then it is just for another entity to decide to go to war to free the victims of the inhumane aggressors and their torments upon the innocent human beings.
Another example of the “language of power” and the “dictates of realist logic” is provided by United States’ catastrophic invasion of Afghanistan. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor, admitted that the Carter administration lied to the American people and the world when it claimed that the US only became involved in Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion of December 1979(North, 2002). The Carter administration at that time portrayed the American ‘s involving as the defense of “human rights”, but indeed Carter signed a secret directive on July 3, 1979 ,nearly six months before Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, to support radical Islamic opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul, which was intended to tempt the Russians into the afghan trap and thus provoke a violent soviet response as exactly what the carter administration wanted.
The theory is not intended to justify wars but to prevent them, by showing that going to war except in certain limited circumstances is wrong, and thus motivate states to find other ways of resolving conflicts. A war is only a Just War if it is both justified, and carried out in the right way. The circumstances of Just-War Theory must be of: Last Resort, Legitimate Authority, Just Cause, Probability of Success, Right Intention, Proportionality, and Civilian Casualties.
According to traditional just war theory, a just cause must serve peace and not simply protect an unjust status quo. War must be used as a last resort and all pacifistic approaches must be
In an age when mankind has the ability to completely annihilate itself through nuclear combat, war can be a more terrifying and powerful thought than ever before. Unfortunately, because of the extent of the actions that the Taliban has committed against both America and its own followers, the United States’ war against terrorism seems to be a necessity. I do feel, however, as if there are many things that can be done by the American government in the near future to peacefully approach a more civil and politically involved Afghanistan. Although my feelings on a war against terrorism are mixed, I do feel that significant actions must be taken in order to restrict the spread of
Joslyn examined the opinions of the public before and after the Gulf War to determined how the outside influences effected the voting behaviors of that group. A survey conducted by the American National Election Studies (ANES) found that people rely on the popular opinions that they see in the media as opposed to recalling their own preferences at
Since the Vietnam War, the public's opinion has played major roles in how policymakers operate. Their opinions may not always support to choices which are best for the country, however they are still factored into the decision making. Richard Sobel discusses several cases on how the public's attitudes have affected policymaker's decisions in his book, "The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam."