Non Cardiac Chest Pain Research Paper

Anxiety is a universal response to a threat but at times that response can be out of proportion to the threat, this is an example of abnormal anxiety and is closely associated with anxiety disorders. Symptoms of anxiety disorders often relate to the heart such as: palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate and, chest pain or discomfort.2

In case if the kind of those symptom is present are a normal physiological sensation like dizziness, not indicative of disease. If a medical conditional is present there is a high risk the individual’s anxiety develop excessive preoccupation and disproportionate of the case. Individuals with this condition may repeatedly contact doctors, seek additional tests, scour internet sites and medical texts, and seek reassurance from significant others about bodily sensations which have been appropriately evaluated and judged to be benign. As a result of these emotional, cognitive and behavioral manifestations, is often disruptive to social, occupational and family functioning, and its associated economic costs are

To experience any form of anxiety, such as interviews, a drive in traffic, or even a first date is a natural- human experience. For instance, one begins to undergo a feeling of failure regarding specific class. Nevertheless, sometimes, the emotion, keeps us motivated and school work-orientated. Yet, now and then, anxiety can take a hold on one when intense fear and distress becomes too overwhelming; it can prevent one from doing everyday thing. As a result, anxiety disorder can be the cause (B. T. Anxiety Disorders, 2016). According to National Alliance of Mental Illness, known as NAMI (2016), anxiety disorders are a common mental health concern in the United States. Roughly, forty million adults in the United States, and eight percent of children and teenagers face some sort of a negative impact of an anxiety disorder. Consequently, people develop symptoms of anxiety disorder before the age twenty-one.

Patients experiencing chest pain require immediate assessment, including a twelve lead ECG within the time frame of ten minutes, will provide vital evidence of a cardiac, plueretic or musculoskeletal event (Acute Coronary Care Clinical care standards 2014).

Rib cage pain may be sharp, dull, or achy pain felt at and below the chest and above the navel on either side. It may occur after an obvious injury or without explanation.

10) Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer

This subscale is comprised of four Likert-scale items assessing current symptoms (e.g., feeling tense or anxious, feeling irritable or easily angered, feeling intense fear that seems out of place, and experiencing shortness of breath or rapid heartbeat). The anxiety subscale has an internal consistency of .80 and a 3-4 week test-retest stability of .80 (Sperry et al., 1996). T-scores were computed using standard scoring protocol for the anxiety subscale. In this sub-sample, the Cronbach's alpha for the anxiety subscale was .61 for men and .73 for women. Men's t-scores ranged from 33.36 to 61.40 (mean = 39.72, SD = 5.53), and women's t-scores ranged from 33.36 to 70.75 (mean = 39.81, SD = 5.90). Information regarding clinical cut-offs or norms for general and clinical populations on the anxiety subscale are

The eminent psychiatrist, Dr. Paul Hoch, in his classic treatise on differential diagnoses in the field of psychiatry made the observation that symptoms of anxiety and depression were components of every major psychiatric disorder (Hoch, 1972). People without psychiatric disorders also experience episodes of anxiety which is typically defined as a diffuse, unpleasant, and sometimes vague sense of apprehension; however, anxiety disorders, psychological disorders whose main component is anxiety and lead to significant disruptions in a person's everyday functioning, are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in the world (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Moreover, there is abundant empirical evidence that anxiety disorders when left untreated may increase the risk of cardiovascular-related disorders and other health concerns (APA, 2000). Therefore it is important to be able to distinguish the proper anxiety disorder diagnosis and initiate treatment. One of the most disabling of all the anxiety disorders is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

What is the sample size? The sample size for this study was 233 patients and 148 nurses.

With attention to her heart issues, I checked her capillary refill on both fingers and toes for perfusion, her pulse (62 bpm) and her blood pressure (120/58). Additionally, when she was getting up I had her sit for a minute before standing to decrease the likelihood of orthostatic hypotension.

How would you evaluate and manage a pediatric patient who has a chest pain? Which diagnostic studies would you recommend for this patient and why? When would you refer the patient to a specialist?

The aim of this ten minute reflection is to show my experience of how my mentor and I used the ABCDE approach when dealing with a patient with chest pain. The concept of this ten minute reflection is to outline the areas that I can develop on for my future placements. This ten minute reflection will show my emotional state and my knowledge that I applied in this situation. It will outline my learning and development when in my placement area and help me to decide if a better outcome could have been achieved if I performed differently. From my learning to date, by completing this ten minute reflection it has enabled me to critically analyse my own practice and compare this to what I would of done now upon completion of this module. This reflection has highlighted how much my skills, knowledge and performance has improved from last year. In accordance of the NMC (2008) a pseudonyms will be used in order to protect the patients’ identity.

The sample population for the study was comprised of 52 participants that met the inclusion criteria. These 52 participants were among an initial participant pool of 209 patients. The initial participants were carefully reviewed and some were excluded from the study based on a

Clinical care standards (2014) for patients, who experience chest pain, need to be assessed within a 10 minute time frame. Immediate management and assessment including a 12 lead ECG will provide evidence in whether a patient with chest pain is indeed having a cardiac, plueretic or musculoskeletal event.

Sometimes chest pain may result from overuse or an injury to the chest area from a fall or accident. Viruses can also cause pain in the chest area. Other causes of chest pain include: