Hemodialysis and Its Impact to End Stage Renal Disease Patients

There are many types of data collected, such as, Demographic, financial, socioeconomic, and clinical data are collected from patients so that the healthcare providers of services to the patient are able to assess the history of whatever disease the patients is suffering from and how is to be treated. Data collection in the facility is well organized in a way that promotes shared assessment, treatment and communication. Nurses and front row staffs collects raw data’s from the patient, and. The Heath Information Manager and team are the facility are responsible in analyzing and presenting the data collected in a meaning and easily understandable way to served the specific purposes for which it was collected. Examples of such data are, patient’s name, height, weight, gender, allergies, and third party

8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer.

One of the first things that we learn about Enid is that she must be a good nurse. The first paragraph on page 31 is full of observations that a nurse would make. She notes the coloration of Mrs. Quinn’s urine, which is an indication of the condition of her failing kidneys. She also observes the smell of her patient’s breath and the stains on her body. These are all signs that give her some idea of how much time Mrs. Quinn has before dying as well as her mental state.

A personalized hemodialysis diet would be required when kidneys function fails due to kidney disease.1 With diseased kidneys it is difficult to get rid of wastes (e.g. protein) from the body.1 A wide range of lifestyle changes are needed in chronic kidney disease patients, especially diet.2 The diet plan for each individual is different, but for the most part CKD patients need to monitor their protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and fluid intake on a continual basis.1-3 Buildup of waist products and fluid in particular make the dialysis process more difficult because you’re needing to draw more fluid from the body. Therefore, it is very important for CKD patients to limit the amount of sodium and fluid intake in their diet.3 To much sodium

End stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys lose its function to eliminate waste and excess water from the body (NLM, 2014). A total of 661,648 cases of ESRD was reported in 2013, of which 117,162 were new cases (United States Renal Data System, 2015). 88.2% of individuals of the newly reported cases with ESRD started renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis, 9% chose peritoneal dialysis, and 2.6% received a kidney transplant. Dialysis is recommended to remove excessive salt, water, and waste products from the body, when kidney function reaches 15% (NLM, 2014). Additionally, dialysis helps control blood pressure as well as aid the kidneys in producing red blood cells. Common complications of dialysis are: anemia, high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hyperkalemia, increased risk of infections, malnutrition, stroke, seizures, edema, and weakening of the bones.

My interest in engineering came from being fascinated with the field of medicine and healthcare. From a very young age I have been exposed to many types of healthcare products such as blood glucose monitors and hemodialysis machines. Until my father was diagnosed with renal kidney failure, i had no idea that there were over 8 dialysis centers in the hampton roads area and that so many patients were going through the same treatments as him. I plan to use my skills from my chemical engineering background to make more economically friendly and efficient machines for dialysis patients to improve their quality of life in order to give them more time back into their lives instead of being hooked up to a dialysis machine for over 12 hours a week.

Receiving hemodialysis in the in-patient or outpatient setting is uncomfortable and non-pleasurable. Thankfully, “the movement of medical care out of institutional settings into patients’ homes has increased in most industrialized countries as part of the general emergence of self- care options in the

The introduction of dialysis as a lifesaving treatment for kidney failure was not the result for any large scale research

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of the critical mortality and morbidity, the Global Burden of Diseases 2010 study reported that CKD contributes to approximately 740,000 deaths annually, making it the 18th leading cause of death (Benigni et al. 2010, Lozano et al. 2012). CKD is a progressive condition as either kidney damage or decreased kidney function over time (Figliuzzi et al. 2014). The main causes of CKD include glomerulonephritis, diabetic kidney disease, hypertensive nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease and other factors, which gradually decrease the glomerular filtration rate (Karczewski and Malkiewicz. 2015). The major outcomes of CKD include progression to kidney failure, complication of decreased kidney function, and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, patients with CKD are at high risk for progression to the end stage renal disease (ESRD) (Levey et al. 2003). The increasing number of patients with CKD, medicare spending on these patients exceeds $29 billion annually and expecting an expense of almost 3~5% of annual healthcare budgets in Unite state (Collins et al. 2012, Burgkart et al. 2014).

The study is hospital base, prospective, case control study. 156 CKD patients were involve in the study, 78 of them were CKD patients stage III, IV and V maintained on conservative treatment and 78 were on HD at Dr. Selma Dialysis Center. These patients were compared with 156 healthy individuals selected randomly. We excluded Individuals with skin diseases contribute to nail disorders, Kidney transplant recipients and patients in peritoneal dialysis.

For haemodialysis patients, dysfunctional vascular access may cause the delay of life-saving dialysis treatment, unnecessary cardiovascular diseases, and then lead to long time hospitalisation and financial difficulties (Bueno, 2017). Therefore, haemodialysis nurses should assist patients on haemodialysis to reduce their vascular access related complications and to improve the effectiveness of dialysis and their quality of life. The first strategy is delivery nursing care in a consistent manner using evidence-based practice. Such as cleaning the catheter exit site and applying CVC dressing as per organisation’s protocol, adhering to care plans and guidelines to assess and identify early signs of dysfunctional vascular access, and using point of care (POC) ultrasound for cannulation to avoid miscannulation or infiltration of the vessels. As an example, utilising POC ultrasound in haemodialysis has been suggested by International evidence-based recommendations as an efficacy and safety method for any type of vascular cannulation (Schoch, du Toit, Marticorena & Sinclair, 2015).

Chronic kidney disease is categorized into five stages, the fifth stage, end stage renal disease in which the kidneys are minimally able to function on their own and eventually stop functioning altogether. Patients are given two care options both include a combination of medication and dietary treatments. Dialysis is a treatment that filters the toxins from the body in place of the kidneys and conservative care management focuses on treating symptoms and achieving optimal quality of life until the disease runs its course. The focus of this paper is on the elderly population and their decision between two courses of treatment, mainly, the way dialysis can cause a decline in nutritional status and in turn lessen quality of life for these patients

End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a gradual loss of the kidney function. Multiple conditions can cause End Stage Renal Disease; being the top three Diabetes type I and II, Hypertension and Glomerulonephritis. Patients need to be on dialysis or receive a kidney transplant to maintain alive. A kidney transplant is the closest thing to living a normal life after having this disease, although patients have to be on many medications in order to preserve the new kidney in optimal conditions.

In the words of Glick, Greenberg, and Ship (2008, p.368), "stage 5 CKD, or GFR of <15cc/min, reflects significantly reduced renal function, and this is the stage when patients will require long-term chronic dialysis treatments." Individuals with CKD stage 5 are said to have end stage renal disease (ESRD) and it is also at this point that their kidneys experience complete (or almost complete) failure. In basic terms, one of the key functions of the kidneys is the removal of excess water and waste from the human body. When kidneys no longer work as they are expected to, their ability to remove fluids as well as waste from the body is affected significantly. Some of the common symptoms patients in this particular stage of chronic kidney disease could experience include but they are not limited to increased skin pigmentation, muscle cramps, a feeling of unexplained tiredness, nausea, loss of appetite, etc. It is important to note that the inability of kidneys to get rid of fluids as well as waste from the human body eventually leads to the build up or accumulation of toxins in the body. This is essentially what causes those suffering from stage 5 CKD to experience an overall or general ill feeling.

Methodology – A descriptive research study design was used for the study. This study was conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital among 50 respondents. A semi-structured open and close ended questionnaire