Allelic Exclusion Analysis

1. List whether the student was positive or negative for each characteristic and include whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive. (6 points)

Type B: The genotype is either BB or BO. The antigens on the blood cell are B and the antibodies in the blood plasma are A.

parent carried the b allele. The F1 offspring of such a cross would be Bb, and

In B-cells the quality control checks are done with a surrogate light chain to make sure that the heavy chain is functional. During the pro-B-cell stage the heavy chain assembles with the surrogate light chain and Igβ. If it is successful, then it shows it forms a functional pre-B-cell and signals to shut down gene rearrangement at the heavy chain. If it cannot do that then the cell will not get the signal to survive and it will die. Next the B-cell generates a light chain gene diversity in pre-B-cells then is checked for its functional B-cell receptor. Without functional B-cell receptor it will not get the signal to survive and will die.

Then the sickle cell allele frequency HbS will survive and have an increased frequency while HbA allele frequency will decrease.

In chapter 6, we are introduced to Barbara McClintock, a scientist who would change how we viewed genetics as a whole. Similar to other some other female scientist, she was largely ignored for her ideas but we came to realize the importance of her research. McClintock focuses a lot of her research on corn and its genetic material and evolutionary history. By studying corn she found that certain areas of the corn would have different colors. For example, while most of the corn would be yellow, there could be purple sections within the same corn. Upon further research, she proved the hypothesis that sections of corn DNA were actually

The results show that under selection factors and environmental differences natural selection determines which allele should become more common. In the control simulation the frequency of white alleles to brown alleles, once this mutation was added, was about the same amount. It was almost half white and half brown. In simulation two the environment was an equatorial climate such as a forest and wolves were used as the predatory influence. Once the predatory factor was introduced it can be seen that the alleles of white fur decreased and at the end of the simulation the allele was almost lost. Thus, brown fur alleles were naturally selected in the equatorial environment. The fur color blends in with the environment helping them become harder to find by predators. Whereas, for the white bunnies their phenotype stood out in an equatorial environment causing them to be caught easily. Hence, it can be said that the brown fur alleles had a higher fitness which is why their occurrence was greater and that the white allele was less fit leading to less offspring being produced. Consequently, this supports my hypothesis that the brown fur allele would have a higher frequency in the equatorial environment.

As you continue on in your career, you have developed a keen interest in the adaptive immune system and plan on dedicating the bulk of your scientific career to the study of this elegant system! Initially, you are very interested in the molecular genetic processes that are required to generate the diversity of both B cells and T cells. Furthermore, you plan to use the next phase of your career to help those who are suffering from SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency). As you continue to plan for these experiments, please answer the following questions. (30pts)

PI3Kδ plays an essential role in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. PI3Kδ is expressed in lymphoid malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [1].

Tissue sample presented with large population of B cells, labelled with CD20, in follicles and macrophages labelled with CD68 were also visible in the intrafollicular zone, both are indicative of a humoral immune response.

Wright-Giemsa staining with light microscopy showed that the majority of wild type B6 FC exhibited a dendritic morphology in response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) stimulation (Figure 3A-B). Flt3-L-KO FC did not respond to CpG ODN stimulation and showed a lymphoid morphology (Figure 3C-D). Taken together, these data suggest that Flt3-L plays a critical role in development of p-preDC FC.

An acculturated IgG1 monoclonal antibody “Alemtuzumab—Lemtrada” is the one which was affirmed for B-cell chronic lymphocytic Leukemia’s treatment. It functions by binding to CD52— located on the surface of B & T cells—lymphocytes (prime mediators in the inflammation process) and facilitates their significant reduction and consequently, it was in the long run observed to be more compelling in the treatment

There are three different types of EB. 1) Dystrophic EB (DEB), 2) Simplex EB (SEB) and 3) Junctional EB (JEB). These conditions are either caused by autosomal dominant gene mutation or autosomal recessive mutation. DEB can be caused by either of the genes. Another rare form of EB is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). It is an autoimmune disorder. This is when the body attacks itself.EBA cannot be inherited. EB can be identified by friction blisters and from EBA.

The ccdB gene (see below) for negative selection (present in donor, destination, and supercoiled entry vectors)

Discuss in detail the effects that an activating mutation in the IKBKB gene would be expected to have on the downstream signalling pathway components and target gene expression, and how these effects are measured in the article.