Internal Accountant’s Report to Management
Jacqueline Tate-Tafoya
ACC/556
June 18, 2012
Laurie McBroom
MEMORANDUM TO: Management, JTT Accounting Firm FROM: Jacqueline Tate-Tafoya, CPA
DATE: June 18, 2012 SUBJECT: Internal Accountant’s Report Per management’s request this document has been prepared to assist in determining if a full financial status review of the recent job bid is necessary. Fully understanding and preparing for possible issues is vital to our organization’s success. Several key points and issues should be reviewed prior to entering into any contracts. The following information will be discussed in this memo: 1.) The impact of occupational fraud and abuse on the company, 2.)
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(Wells, 2011, p. 241). Bribery can come in many different forms but generally is defined as an act in which something of value is offered, given, received or solicited with the intent of influencing an official act. Illegal gratuities can be similar to bribes except these are usually given as a reward. Economic extortion is basically the demanding of money. “A conflict of interest occurs when an employee, manager, or executive has an undisclosed economic or personal interest in a transaction that adversely affects the organization.” (Wells, 2011, p. 242). These are not all corruption schemes that exist but have been determined to be more common than others and ones that should definitely be watched for when completing an audit or a full financial status review.
Recommendation of types of accounting evidence and methods of gathering such evidence to support the financial status review
Not all evidence is the same nor does it hold the same value in a case or trial. Evidence is defined as, “Anything perceptible by the five senses and any species of proof-such as testimony of witnesses, records, documents, facts, data or concrete objects…” (Singleton and Singleton, 2010, p. 214). In order to be valuable and legally acceptable evidence must be relevant, material. To hold relevance is to be able to establish a fact. An example of relevant evidence is one’s motive. If evidence shows that someone has something to gain then they have motive and the evidence is
Appendix A.2 also lists several factors that could provide opportunities for management/employees to commit fraud. One factor that could lead to fraud is if, “There is ineffective monitoring of management as a result of: domination of management by a single person or small group without compensating controls.” The auditors should have taken notice of the lack of controls and segregation of duties with respect to Phar-Mor’s
Circumstantial evidence is probably one of the biggest ethical concerns when people are being convicted of crimes. Circumstantial evidence is: “Evidence not bearing directly on the fact in dispute but on various attendant circumstances from which the judge or jury might infer the occurrence of the fact in dispute”. (Dictionay.com, 2010). Many
People tend to become confused on the differences between motive and evidence which are completely different in definition, yet have a few similarities as well when discussing how they tie into one another. Motive, as defined by Merriam Webster is “a reason for doing something”. For example, one’s motive for robbing a bank could be to pay of college debts. Evidence as defined by Merriam Webster is something which shows that something else exists or is true. For example, evidence to a murder could be a potential suspects fingerprints found on the gun used to execute a victim. How these two words, “evidence” and “motive”, words with completely different meanings can tie to each other is that in a case evidence could help find one’s motive for
According to an article in the CPA Journal, the auditor considers reliability of audit evidence collected and the reliability of that evidence to reduce the risk of financial statements containing undetected material errors. Compare and contrast at least two (2) types of evidence, and make a recommendation as to which you believe is the most reliable in reducing risk. Support your position.
Now one must ascertain that such regulations would only be applied under certain governance systems- a good government; a government that is liable to the people. In such cases, there should be funds available for social programs. I will classify social programs as two types, based on how they should prioritizes allocation of funds:
Evidence is the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Motive is the reason for doing something, especially one that is hidden or not obvious. So in theory, evidence would have been items found at the crime scene or even items not found at the crime scene, but nonetheless items found that could potentially help get a criminal convicted. Motive would be more like the reason why Scott would have killed his wife Laci, and unborn son, Connor. Evidence and motive both relate to crime scene investigations but both are entirely different in meaning when learning about the crime scene and people involved.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate (Louwers & Reynolds, 2007). We believe that the audit evidence obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Bribery – it’s a form of corruption. This is the straightforward use of financial muscle to gain unfair advantage over others. An example would be attempting to gain planning permission by giving
When dealing with incident cases having evidence it the most important part. Without evidence the justice system would not convict a suspect who is accused of committing a crime. There is an old saying amount law enforcement officer, “A case is only as strong as it evidence”. If a person views the definition of the word evidence, that person’s would find out that evidence, meaning, “The body of facts or information which can indicate whether a belief or proposition is valid or true.” (Forensic Science Investigation Unit, 2015). Many people can have different option or belief of many different situations, but when you can prove with facts or information that your belief or option is correct by using evidence to back up your statement. You have just changed that person mind or option due to the evidence. When evidence is used in the court room, it can prove whether the person is guilt or innocence of the crime he or she was accused of committing. Evidence to a jury in a courtroom setting can be used as a body of information to tell if this person who is accused of committing this crime had a motive, opportunity and the ability to commit such at toward another person or someone’s property.
Nicole, to see justice be done and most importantly done it the right way, both parties should have enough evidence to prove their case. These evidences are crucial to both parties and especially to the defendants. To give everyone a fair and impartial trial, adequate evidence serves a crucial role. These evidences are double-edged swords as it may jail a person or free a person.
In this instance bribery involves public officials, and or employees receiving items of monetary value or cash for the purpose of influencing that individuals conduct in such a way that it benefits the giver. Bribery and other types of corruption can occur at all levels of the organization, particularly in those roles where the employee has the opportunity to influence outcomes for the public.
Bribery can be defined as when one is offered money or some other incentive with the intention to corrupt a person’s actions.¬ Bribery is the main component, if not the basis, of government corruption.
There are many tangible circumstances that tend to prove or disprove some facts in all criminal or civil cases. Under rule 41(b) “A warrant may be issued under this rule to search for and seize any (1) property that constitutes evidence of the commission of a criminal offenses; or (2) contraband, the fruits of a crime, or things otherwise criminally possessed; or (3) property designed or intended for use or which is or has been used as the means of committing a criminal offense; or (4) person for whose arrest there is probable cause, or who is unlawfully restrained” (John N. Ferdico, 1999). Evidence is one of the single most important pieces of a criminal trial. It is used to determine a defendant’s guilt or innocence.
Recommendation of types of accounting evidence and methods of gathering such evidence to support the financial status review
Evidence is the key element in determining the guilt or innocence of those accused of crimes against society in a criminal court of law. Evidence can come in the form of weapons, documents, pictures, tape recordings and DNA. According to the American Heritage College dictionary, evidence is the documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in a court of law (476). It is shown in court as an item of proof, to impeach or rehabilitate a witness, and to determine a sentence. This paper will examine two murder cases, O.J. Simpson and Daniel Taylor.