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May 6, 2024

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Qualitative research makes claims about non-numeric, or descriptive, knowledge (Landrum & Garza, 2015).  This data can be collected through interviews, survey questions, observations, and focus groups (Koons, et al., 2019).  However, the researcher must guard against confirmation bias as conducting qualitative research involved collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non numerical data (Landrum & Garza, 2015).  Qualitative research is effective for understanding subjective data that is measured along a scale and focuses on the how and why of contributions of the proposed study (D’Urso, et al., 2022).  There are several different types of qualitative studies.    A phenomenological research design allows for a deeper understanding of the structure of consciousness of people who are in a particular situation (Groenewald, 2004). Qualitative phenomenological research design aims to uncover what a particular experience means to a group of people and how they experienced it.  Qualitative research tells stories by focusing on the perspectives of participants to study experiences, including communicating their values and significance (Clandinin, 2007; Conelly & Clandinin, 2000). When there are multiple participants, the narrative method helps provide a deeper understanding of life experiences from the combination of these stories. A case study is an intensive investigation of a person or group where the researcher investigates a phenomenon, analyzing several pieces of data to understand the phenomenon.   This methodology provides flexibility by incorporating different paradigms, study designs, and methodologies (Hyett, et al, 2014). 
Grounded theory's purpose is to develop a theory that explains the social processes and actions within a specific context. It goes beyond identifying problems to understanding how people navigate and respond to those problems, aiming to provide a rich and nuanced understanding of the social issue at hand. Because it only uses the information gathered during the research process, grounded theory is distinctive among qualitative design approaches. The initial research question is frequently modified and revised over time when new data is learned about the topic. In this way, the research is shaped by the participants (Hoover, 2021). A qualitative descriptive methodology is the most appropriate methodology for understanding how elementary students’ academic and behavioral patterns have changed following the COVID 19 pandemic because the interviews will allow this researcher to focus on the contemporary concern, a real-life situation that focuses on policies/procedures that cannot be manipulated, and there are multiple sources of evidence available (Greenberger, et al., 2017).      References   Clandinin, D. J. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology. SAGE.  http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.4135/9781452226552     Connelly, F., & Clandinin, D. (2000). Narrative understandings of teacher knowledge. Journal of Curriculum & Supervision, 15(4), 315–331.
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