PCS 130 Lab report 1 Charge to Mass Ratio

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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130

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Physics

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Lab 1: Charge to Mass ratio of an Electron Nayalash Iqbal (501156321), Muskaan Bajwa (501255858) Toronto Metropolitan University PCS 130 - 091 Dr Vladislav Toronov Date of Laboratory: January 31st 2024 Date of submission: February 7th 2024
Introduction In the 1800s, a physicist by the name of Sir J.J Thomas worked at the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge England. One day, while working on his experiments, he came across a fascinating discovery, the electron. Thomas’s discovery was prodigious. His work has become a truly important part of modern day science. Sir J.J. Thomas performed an experiment that involved the use of a cathode ray discharge tube containing electrodes at each end. The electrode is connected to a negative terminal of a battery, the cathode. The other is connected to the positive terminal of the battery, the anode. To control the pressure of gas inside the tube, it is connected to a vacuum pump. When electricity is passed through the tube, rays are emitted from the cathode towards the anode. When rays hit the walls of the discharge tube, fluorescence is produced. Thomas realized that the charge to mass ratio of the cathode rays were the same as for an electron. Therefore, the negatively charged particles in an atom are electrons. This lab is a replication of Sir J.J Thomas’s experiment in modern day. Theory When a charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field, the velocity then travels in a circular path. The circular motion can be described by using the force exerted by a magnetic field and Newton’s second law of motion which can be expressed in terms of: Where “F” represents the force on the charged particle which is measured in newtons, “q” is known for the charge measured in coulombs, ”B” is the magnetic field strength measured in teslas, “m” refers to the mass which is measured
in kilograms or grams, “v” is the velocity of the particle measured in meters per second, and “r” represents the radius which is measured in centimeters or meters. The velocity of the charged particle depends on its kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the charged particle and the conservation of energy can be reduced to its electric potential energy which has been expressed by this equation below: By examining the relationship between the kinematics energy and its particle, an equation can be found to calculate the charge to mass ratio of the particle. Materials Meter Stick Wooden Cover to block out light Banana Cables Set of Helmholtz Coils Low Voltage Variable Power Supply for Helmholtz Coils High Voltage Power Supply for accelerating Voltage Tube Procedure Before touching any equipment, be sure that the power supply is shut off to keep out of danger. The radius of the coils was given in the lab manual to prevent any damage to the apparatus in a potential attempt of recording this value yourself. Turn on the power supply, begin with a low current to check if the apparatus is in function. Increase the voltage until a beam is visible in the apparatus, this is the electron accelerating. Once everything is set and ready, proceed to change the current, doing this alters the radius of the electron beam. Change the current 10 times while recording the diameter of each trial.
Once the trials are complete, lower the voltage and current, carefully shut off the power supply, and leave the apparatus as it was at the beginning of the experiment. Results and Calculations Table 1: Results from the experiment
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