Physics Lab 7
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Apr 3, 2024
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Physics 2021
Group: Kaya Brown and Amelia Maughan
Lab 7: Statics in The Human Body
Goals
An anticipated goal of this experiment is to comprehend the criteria for achieving static
equilibrium in the presence of concurrent forces and torques. Another goal is to demonstrate the
applicability of basic lever models in representing anatomical joints within the human body.
Students should also be able to establish relationships that elucidate the mechanical advantages
and disadvantages associated with different types of levers.
Procedure
A meter stick centered on a fulcrum to hold a weighted force and muscle force located at
equal distance on the opposite end by hangers in experiment one. 350 grams of weight is placed
on the hanger at one end as the force sensor is attached to the opposite end. The applied force is
measured in capstone as the sensor is pulled down until the meter stick is level, indicating static
equilibrium. In experiment two, the weight of 800 g is placed a few centimeters from the fulcrum
as the force sensor is lifted at the same end further from the weight. The force value is measured
and recorded. In experiment three, the force sensor and weight switch positions on the same side,
which proves to be difficult to lift. This experiment represents the bicep when it is flexing to lift
the forearm, so the meter stick must be gently held down near the fulcrum while the force is
recorded.
Error and Precautions
A possible source of error could include a non-uniformly distributed mass of the meter
stick. This error could potentially cause larger force required if the distance were smaller, or less
force if the imbalanced distance were closer to the fulcrum. Another possible source of error
could be failing to lift or pull the force sensor to a level of static equilibrium. Pulling too far
down/up will produce a higher value of force required in N and will not net to zero.
Results
Figure 1.1 Predicted values versus actual values of force in newtons
Experiment
Predicted force (N)
Actual force (N)
1
4.00
3.82
2
2.00
2.61
3
10.10
13.19
Percent error exp 1:
%E = |3.82-4.00/4.00| *100 = 4.5%
Percent error exp 2:
%E= |2.61-2.00/2.00| *100 = 30%
Questions
Question 1. When the head is in static equilibrium, how does the torque produced by the muscle
compare to the torque produced by the weight of the head? Use your answer to make a
prediction: when
𝑟
muscle =
𝑟
weight and the mass of the head is 400 g, how much muscle force
𝐹
muscle is needed to maintain static equilibrium?Answer in Newtons and use g = 10 m/s2 .
When the head is in static equilibrium, the torque produced by the muscle and the torque
produced by the weight of the head are equal to each other. When
r
muscle =
r
weight and the
mass of the head is 400 g, the
F
muscle needed to maintain static equilibrium is 4.0 N.
F = ma
a = g
F = (0.4 kg)(10 m/s^2) = 4.0 N
Question 2. Before applying the muscle force, predict how much force the muscle must provide
to hold the meterstick horizontal in static equilibrium. Note the figure above shows the ankle
rising above horizontal, but this is exaggerated; we will keep it simple by just analyzing the
system when horizontal.
F
muscle needed to maintain static equilibrium is 2.0 N.
Fd
2
= wd
1
F = (mgd
1
)/d
2
F = (0.8 kg x 10 m/s^2 x 6.0 cm) / 24.0 cm = 2.0 N
Question 3. Class II levers like ankles and wheelbarrows are useful because they provide
mechanical advantage, by amplifying the input force to provide a greater output force. In other
words, we can lift a load without having to lift the full weight of the load. Starting from the
condition of static equilibrium (net torque equals zero), prove mathematically that Class II levers
provide mechanical advantage. Include a diagram that shows the relative position of the applied
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