Physics Lab 7

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Temple University *

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2021

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Physics

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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7

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Physics 2021 Group: Kaya Brown and Amelia Maughan Lab 7: Statics in The Human Body Goals An anticipated goal of this experiment is to comprehend the criteria for achieving static equilibrium in the presence of concurrent forces and torques. Another goal is to demonstrate the applicability of basic lever models in representing anatomical joints within the human body. Students should also be able to establish relationships that elucidate the mechanical advantages and disadvantages associated with different types of levers. Procedure A meter stick centered on a fulcrum to hold a weighted force and muscle force located at equal distance on the opposite end by hangers in experiment one. 350 grams of weight is placed on the hanger at one end as the force sensor is attached to the opposite end. The applied force is measured in capstone as the sensor is pulled down until the meter stick is level, indicating static equilibrium. In experiment two, the weight of 800 g is placed a few centimeters from the fulcrum as the force sensor is lifted at the same end further from the weight. The force value is measured and recorded. In experiment three, the force sensor and weight switch positions on the same side, which proves to be difficult to lift. This experiment represents the bicep when it is flexing to lift the forearm, so the meter stick must be gently held down near the fulcrum while the force is recorded.
Error and Precautions A possible source of error could include a non-uniformly distributed mass of the meter stick. This error could potentially cause larger force required if the distance were smaller, or less force if the imbalanced distance were closer to the fulcrum. Another possible source of error could be failing to lift or pull the force sensor to a level of static equilibrium. Pulling too far down/up will produce a higher value of force required in N and will not net to zero. Results Figure 1.1 Predicted values versus actual values of force in newtons Experiment Predicted force (N) Actual force (N) 1 4.00 3.82 2 2.00 2.61 3 10.10 13.19 Percent error exp 1: %E = |3.82-4.00/4.00| *100 = 4.5% Percent error exp 2: %E= |2.61-2.00/2.00| *100 = 30% Questions Question 1. When the head is in static equilibrium, how does the torque produced by the muscle compare to the torque produced by the weight of the head? Use your answer to make a
prediction: when 𝑟 muscle = 𝑟 weight and the mass of the head is 400 g, how much muscle force 𝐹 muscle is needed to maintain static equilibrium?Answer in Newtons and use g = 10 m/s2 . When the head is in static equilibrium, the torque produced by the muscle and the torque produced by the weight of the head are equal to each other. When r muscle = r weight and the mass of the head is 400 g, the F muscle needed to maintain static equilibrium is 4.0 N. F = ma a = g F = (0.4 kg)(10 m/s^2) = 4.0 N Question 2. Before applying the muscle force, predict how much force the muscle must provide to hold the meterstick horizontal in static equilibrium. Note the figure above shows the ankle rising above horizontal, but this is exaggerated; we will keep it simple by just analyzing the system when horizontal. F muscle needed to maintain static equilibrium is 2.0 N. Fd 2 = wd 1 F = (mgd 1 )/d 2 F = (0.8 kg x 10 m/s^2 x 6.0 cm) / 24.0 cm = 2.0 N Question 3. Class II levers like ankles and wheelbarrows are useful because they provide mechanical advantage, by amplifying the input force to provide a greater output force. In other words, we can lift a load without having to lift the full weight of the load. Starting from the condition of static equilibrium (net torque equals zero), prove mathematically that Class II levers provide mechanical advantage. Include a diagram that shows the relative position of the applied
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