SI Primary Literature Assignment

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New Mexico State University *

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Medicine

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Apr 3, 2024

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Scientific Investigation – Primary Literature Assignment The Impact of Smoking on the Development of Diabetes and its complications Introduction: Describe the purpose of the experiment the researchers conducted. The purpose of this experiment was to create a connection between smoking and the likelihood of developing type II diabetes mellitus. Scientists studied the effects of smoking specifically on insulin resistance and -cell function and how it impacts the frequency of developing type II diabetes. What were they trying to learn? The scientists were trying to learn about any existing relationships between smoking and developing diabetes, especially focusing on the interaction with insulin and -cells. What was the hypothesis of the experiment? The hypothesis of this experiment is that those who smoke cigarettes, especially on a regular basis, develop type II diabetes at a greater frequency than those who abstain from smoking cigarettes, due to the interaction formed with insulin. Methods: Describe the independent variable of the experiment, including a brief description of how it was measured or recorded. The independent variable in this experiment was whether or not the participants were smoking. The variable was measured and recorded through self-surveys and questionnaires and the participants were separated into smoking and nonsmoking groups. The dependent variable was the development of type II diabetes and the difference between the development in those who smoke versus in those who do not smoke. The dependent variable was measured through self- surveys, previous and current medical records, and laboratory tests to indicate the presence of diabetes. Results: Provide a brief summary of the types of results reported in the article. The results were separated into mainly tables and graphs, with written explanations and statistical analyses. The results mainly cover the relationships between smoking and cognitive decline, cognitive function, and performance. How many data tables are included in the article and what is the title of the first table? There are three tables in the report first table is titled “Baseline characteristics and incidence of diabetes in subjects according to the different smoking status.” The second table is titled “The relative risk of four-year incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the smoking status by Cox-proportional hazard model.” The third table is titled “The relative risk of 4-year incidence of diabetes by insulin resistance and -cell function using homeostasis model in variable smoking status by Cox-hazard proportion model.” How many graphs are included in the article? There are two graphs included in the article. The first graph is titled “The relative risk of 4-year incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in never, ex and current smokers categorized by their baseline glucose tolerance status….” The second graph is titled “Kaplan-Meier plot for incidence of diabetes by different smoking status.”
Are all data from the tables also shown graphically? Please provide an example of data (results) that are provided both in a table and a graph. No, most of the data from the tables and the graphs do not coincide. One table and graph share similar data of relative risk versus smoking status. However, the table does include more additional information than the graph includes. Graph 1 and Table 2 are the results that have common data between the two of them. Discussion: What conclusion did the researchers make? The researchers came to the conclusion that abstaining from or quitting smoking has multiple benefits. Not only do smokers have an increased risk of cognitive decline, they also have an increased risk of developing diabetes. Not smoking will help maintain your cognitive performance long term and will decrease the likelihood of developing numerous conditions, including type II diabetes. Was their hypothesis supported by the observed results? Yes, the initial hypothesis was supported by the results. The major point of the hypothesis was that those who smoke, especially on a regular basis will be at an increased risk for developing type II diabetes. Since the results showed that smokers are at an increased of developing type II diabetes, the results do support the hypothesis. What are the implications of this conclusion? How do the results of this experiment relate to something beyond the research lab? These conclusions are helpful for the future of both smoking and diabetes. Since the research concluded that smoking does in fact have negative effects on pre-existing diabetes as well as increases the chance of developing diabetes, it is important for medical professionals as well as the general public to be aware of these interactions. This can help medical professionals to be more aware of the possibilities of disease for their patients who frequently smoke. It can also help for medical professionals to warn their patients with diabetes about the consequences of continuing to smoke and warn all their smoking patients about the possibilities of cognitive decline and the increased risk of developing certain conditions. It can also provide insight to companies who advertise for cigarettes as a warning that it may cause cognitive decline and increases the possibility of developing diabetes. Scientific Study Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03586.x Reference: Cho, N. H., Chan, J. C., Jang, H. C., Lim, S., Kim, H. L., & Choi, S. H. (2009). Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A four ‐ year community ‐ based prospective study.  Clinical Endocrinology , Volume #71 (issue 5): 679–685. Accessed February 15, 2024, from Wiley Online Library, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2265.2009.03586.x 
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