Financial Information Data Gathering - Investor Risk Profile_updated (1)
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Financial Information Data Gathering: Investor Risk Profile.
FIN 36063 – Individual Investment Strategies
In this assignment, you will explore your risk preferences in investments using two online tools. Part 1:
Complete this Risk Profile Questionnaire
Report your individual results below and answer the questions.
Target Portfolio
(1 pt): Total Return Mod. Conservative w/ Tax. Bonds
Goal
(1 pt): Stability
Average Annual Return of this portfolio type between 2002-2023
(1 pt): 5.1%
Best Year of this portfolio type between 2002-2023
(1 pt): 16.3%
Worst Year of this portfolio type between 2002-2023
(1 pt): 14.7%
Risk Level (1 pt): Low
Part 2: Then take this Investment Risk Tolerance Quiz
. You will write down your answers to questions 1-13 and calculate your total score. What was your actual numeric score? (1 pt): 35
What risk tolerance level does this numeric score mean? (1 pt): High risk tolerance (i.e., aggressive investor)
Part 3:
Based on your results from both assessments, do you agree with the level of risk the quizzes say you want to take? Provide a 2-3 sentence answer. (2 pts)
Response
: After completing both assessments, I've noticed a discrepancy between the results. While the Risk Profile Questionnaire suggests I have a low-risk preference, which aligns with my goal of stability and the conservative nature of my target portfolio, the Investment Risk Tolerance Quiz indicates
a high risk tolerance level, categorizing me as an aggressive investor. However, based on my personal assessment, I consider myself to have an average risk tolerance.
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Related Questions
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
Question 1
Fill the parts in the above table that are shaded in yellow. You will notice that there are nine line items.
Question 2
Using the data generated in the previous question (Question 1);a) Plot the Security Market Line (SML)
b) Superimpose the CAPM’s required return on the SML
c) Indicate which investments will plot on, above and below the SML?
d) If an investment’s expected return (mean return) does not plot on the SML, what does it show? Identify undervalued/overvalued investments from the graph
Question 3
From the information generated in the previous two questions;
a) Identify two investment alternatives that can be combined in a portfolio. Assume a 50-50 investment allocation in each investment alternative.
b) Compute the expected return of the portfolio thus formed.
c) Compute the portfolio’s beta. Is the portfolio aggressive or defensive?
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As a portfolio manager, you are required to take investment decision from the following two alternative scenarios: (Decision Criterion: Select a portfolio on relative risk basis)
Scenario 1: Construct a portfolio with 60% investment in ICC:
Expected Return (in %) Risk (as Std Div.) Covariance
BPL 12 4 BPL & ICC: -1.2
ICC 7 2
Scenario 2: Construct equal weighted portfolios from following securities
Expected Return (in %) Risk (as Std Div.) Covariance
PSL 11 5 PSL & IPL: 3.75
IPL 8 3
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A. Briefly explain three risk exposures that an analyst should report as part of anenterprise risk management system.Page 4 of 10B. Define market risk and the economic parameters considered when calculatingmarket risk.C. Explain the concept of ‘beta’ within the framework of the Capital Asset PricingModel (CAPM). Discuss the relevance of the covariance between assets returnsfor an investor wishing to diversify the risk of a portfolio
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Consider the following performance data for a portfolio manager:
Benchmark
Portfolio
Index
Portfolio
Weight
Weight
Return
Return
Stocks
0.65
0.7
0.11
0.12
Bonds
0.3
0.25
0.07
0.08
Cash
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.025
a.Calculate the percentage return that can be attributed to the asset allocation decision.
b.Calculate the percentage return that can be attributed to the security selection decision.
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Question 1 Fill the parts in the above table that are shaded in yellow. You will notice that there are nineline items.
Question 2Using the data generated in the previous question (Question 1);a) Plot the Security Market Line (SML) b) Superimpose the CAPM’s required return on the SML c) Indicate which investments will plot on, above and below the SML? d) If an investment’s expected return (mean return) does not plot on the SML, what doesit show? Identify undervalued/overvalued investments from the graph
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Review the table below listing performance metrics for selected assets. The metrics are defined in the same way as in CAPM
Return
risk
beta
riskless asset
4%
0%
0
Market Portfolio
9%
24%
1
Fund A
8%
33%
0.4
Fund B
11%
30%
1.5
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Help me please
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Darren is considering the following investments; Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.:
Probability of return (%)
Likely Return Alphabet (%)
Likely Return PayZero (%)
Likely Return FNQ Res. (%)
20
6
4
9
30
9
7
14
40
16
10
19
10
18
14
26
a) Calculate the expected return for each asset.b) Calculate the expected return on a portfolio comprising each asset weighted as follows
Asset Weighting (%)
Weighting (%)
Alphabet
20
PayZero
55
FNQ Res.
25
c) Explain to Darren the benefit of combining the assets into a portfolio instead of undertaking individual investments in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.
d) Calculate the risk attached to each of the investments proposed in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. Rank each investment in regard to its risk and return. Discuss the likely range of returns that could eventuate for each asset with a 95% level of accuracy.
ONLY ANSWER PART C AND D PLEASE
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Darren is considering the following investments; Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.:
Probability of return (%)
Likely Return Alphabet (%)
Likely Return PayZero (%)
Likely Return FNQ Res. (%)
20
6
4
9
30
9
7
14
40
16
10
19
10
18
14
26
a) Calculate the expected return for each asset. b) Calculate the expected return on a portfolio comprising each asset weighted as follows
Asset Weighting (%)
Weighting (%)
Alphabet
20
PayZero
55
FNQ Res.
25
c) Explain to Darren the benefit of combining the assets into a portfolio instead of undertaking individual investments in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.
d) Calculate the risk attached to each of the investments proposed in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. Rank each investment in regard to its risk and return. Discuss the likely range of returns that could eventuate for each asset with a 95% level of accuracy.
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As the chief investment officer for a money management firm specializing in taxable individual investors, you are trying to establish a strategic asset allocation for two different clients. You have established that Ms. A has a risk-tolerance factor of 8, while Mr. B has a risk-tolerance factor of 27. The characteristics for four model portfolios follow:
ASSET MIX
Bond
93%
75
32
13
Portfolio
1
2
3
4
Stock
7%
25
GB
87
a. Calculate the expected utility of each prospective portfolio for each of the two clients. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.
1
2
3
Portfolio
Ms. A
ER
8%
9
10
11
b. Which portfolio represents the optimal strategic allocation for Ms. A? Which portfolio is optimal for Mr. B?
Portfollo-Select-represents the optimal strategic allocation for Ms. A. Portfolio Select is the optimal allocation for Mr. B.
c. For Ms. A, what level of risk tolerance would leave her indifferent between having Portfolio 1 or Portfolio 2 as her strategic…
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Suppose you visit with a financial adviser, and you are considering investing some of your wealth in one of three investment portfolios: stocks, bonds, or commodities.
Your financial adviser provides you with the following table, which gives the probabilities of possible returns from each investment:
Stocks
Bonds
Commodities
Probability Return Probability Return Probability Return
20%
15%
0.15
20%
0.6
10%
0.2
0.2
12.5%
0.4
7.5%
0.2
0.25
0.2
0.4
3.8%
0.2
0.2
0%
To maximize your expected return, you should choose
O A. commodities.
B. bonds.
OC. stocks.
OD. All of the portfolios have the same expected return
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Consider the following bootstrapped 3-year performance of an actively managed investor's portfolio
and a relevant benchmark:
Investor's Portfolio
Benchmark Portfolio
Iteration
Portfolio Value
Portfolio
Portfolio Value Portfolio Return
t=3
Return p.a.
t=3
р.а.
1
1.3
9.1%
1.2
6.3%
0.9
-3.5%
0.9
-3.5%
3
0.9
-3.5%
0.8
-7.2%
4
1.2
6.3%
1.1
3.2%
5
1.3
9.1%
1.2
6.3%
What is the tracking error of investor's portfolio relative to the benchmark (compounded
outperformance) over 3 years (rounded to one decimal place)?
Select one:
O a. 1.4%
ОБ. 2.7%
O. 4.5%
O d. 4.6%
O e. None of the above
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Asset allocation is the decision of how you divide your investment portfolio between various assets. Typical asset categories include cash or short-term securities (Treasury bills, CDs, etc.), bonds (municipal bonds, corporate bonds, etc.), and equity funds or equities (stocks, stock mutual funds, etc.).
The following table illustrates several model portfolios that you can use as a basis for your own investment plan, depending on such factors as your time horizon, risk tolerance, and investment philosophy.
Model Portfolios and Time Horizons
Risk Tolerance/Investment Philosophy
0–5 Years
6–10 Years
11+ Years
High Risk/Aggressive
10% Cash
20% Bonds
100% Equities
30% Bonds
80% Equities
60% Equities
Moderate Risk/Moderate
20% Cash
10% Cash
20% Bonds
40% Bonds
30% Bonds
80% Equities
40% Equities
60% Equities
Low Risk/Conservative
35% Cash
20% Cash
10% Cash
40% Bonds
40% Bonds
30% Bonds
25% Equities
40% Equities
60% Equities…
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An investor wants to determine the safest way to structure a portfolio from several investments, whose annual returns under
different scenarios are as follows:
Returns
Scenario
A
B.
D
Probability
1.
0.11
-0.09
0.10
0.07
0.10
-0.11
0.12
0.14
0.06
0.10
3
0.09
0.15
0.11
0.08
0.10
4
0.25
0.18
0.33
0.07
0.30
0.18
0.16
0.1
0.06
0.40
9.
Suppose the investor ignores the scenarios have different probabilities. If he has determined his risk
aversion value is 0.75, what percentage of his portfolio should be invested in A?
percent
2.
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QUESTIONS:
1) Assuming that the risk-free rate of return is currently 3,2%, the market risk premium is 6%
whereas the beta of HelloFresh SH. stock is 1.8, compute the required rate of return using
CAPM.
2) Compute the value of each investment based on your required rate of return and interpret
the results comparing with the market values.
3) Which investment would you select? Explain why using appropriate financial jargon
(language).
4) Assume HelloFresh SH's CFO Mr. Christian Gaertner expects an earnings upturn resulting
increase in growth (rate) of 1%. How does this affect your answers to Question 2 and 3?
5) AACSB Critical Thinking Questions:
A) Companies pay rating agencies such as Moody's and S&P to rate their bonds, and
the costs can be substantial. However, companies are not required to have their
bonds rated in the first place; doing so is strictly voluntary. Why do you think they do
it? (Textbook page: 198)
B) What are the difficulties in using the PE ratio to value stock?…
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Course: FinanceAs a great investor, you are interested in 3 assets to invest: A, B and C. A financial advisor tells you that the returns on the assets are independent of each other, and you are given the following data:
Asset
A
B
C
E(Ri)
0.05
0.035
0.06
Variance
0.0015
0
0.008
You have not yet analyzed what your degree of risk aversion (A) is, but you know that your utility function behaves as follows: U[ E(Rp)] = E(Rp) - 0.5 * A * Variance. (See attached image for a better understanding)
You are asked to:(a) Find the optimal portfolio with these 3 assets {called wA, wB and wC}.b) Calculate the expected return and risk of the optimal portfolio for the following degrees of risk aversion (A):(i) A = 5(ii) A = 10(iii) A = 16
Please ASAP
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Alternative
1
2
WN
3
Investment
100% of asset F
50% of asset F and 50% of asset G
50% of asset F and 50% of asset H
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Asset F
10%
11%
12%
13%
Historical Return
Asset G
11%
10%
9%
8%
Asset H
8%
9%
10%
11%
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Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:
Select 2–3 of the topics below and discuss how they each influence financial decisions regarding risk and return:
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
The constant–growth model
Compute forward-looking expected return and risk
Risk premiums
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Portfolio Management A particular firm’s portfolio is composed of two assets, which we will call" A" and "B." Let X denote the annual rate of return from asset A, and let Y denote the annual rate of return from asset B. Suppose that E(X) = 0.15, E(Y) = 0.20, SD (X) = 0.05, SD (Y) = 0.06, and CORR (X, Y) = 0.30.
(a) What is the expected return of investing 50% of the portfolio in asset A and 50% of the portfolio in asset B? What is the variance of this return?
(b) Replace CORR (X, Y) = 0.30 by CORR (X, Y) = 0.60, 0, -0.30, and -0.60 and answer the questions in part (a). What is the impact of correlation on the expected returns and its variance? Explain why this is so.
(c) Suppose that the fraction of the portfolio that is invested in asset B is f, and so the fraction of the portfolio that is invested in asset A is (1 – f). Let f vary from f = 0.0 to f = 1.0 in increments of 5% (that is, f = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, ...), and compute the mean and the variance of the annual rate of…
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Using the information provided in the pictures: Let’s assume, you want to construct a portfolio of risky and riskfreeassets. You wish to generate a 7% return for your complete portfolio E(rc). Using the Capital AllocationLine (CAL) equation - E(rc) = rf + y(E(Rp) - rf)a. Calculate the portion that you need to invest in risky assets and (b). in risk-free assets.c. Calculate the standard deviation of the portfolio.
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Your client, Bo Regard, holds a complete portfolio that consists of a portfolio of risky assets (P) and T-Bills. The information below refers to these assets. What is the expected return of the complete portfolio?
Group of answer choices
a. 10.32%
b. 5.28%
c. 9.62%
d. 8.44%
e. 7.58%
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O Considering the following information regarding the performance of a portfolio
manager in a recent quarter, (i) identify the Alpha of the manager's portfolio
compared to benchmark (ii) identify the contributions of asset allocation and
security selection to relative performance.
Stocks
Bonds
Treasury bills
Manager's Manager's Benchmark Benchmark
Return
Weight
Relarn
1%
2%
2%
1.5%
0.75%
0.5%
0.50
0.30
0.20
weight
0.30
0.30
0.40
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1. calculate the beta of the portfolio below consisting of assets x, y and z. discuss the meaning of the number calculated and include in your answer what type of investor is likely to invest in this portfolio.
Asset
Weight (Wi)
Beta (βi)
X
0.30
0.09
Y
0.50
0.90
Z
0.20
0.16
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Clients today require their investments to not only produce genuine impact but also constant positive returns. As the portfolio manager explain to your client how you will maintain a positive return on the current portfolio selected.
Please answer #1 to #3
Explain the selection of optimal portfolios.
Describe the portfolio approach to investing and the portfolio management process
Differentiate between financial and non-financial sources of risks
Incorporate the appropriate performance measures for portfolios
Evaluate asset returns using the CAPM and other models such as The Sharpe ratio, the Treynor measures and Jensen’s Alpha
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Question #2: Asset Allocation
Suppose an investor has a choice between two assets: Janus Balanced Mutual Fund (a risky asset) and 30-
day treasury bills (a risk-free asset).
Investment
Expected Return
Standard Deviation (6) Portfolio Weight
[E(r)]
Janus Balanced Fund
8.58%
8.67%
30 day T-bill
0.26%
1-y
(a) Calculate the expected return and standard deviation of the overall portfolio---a portfolio consisting of
a mixture of the risky asset and risk-free asset. [Hint: Your answers will be expressed as a function of y]
(b) Use your answer from Part (a) to draw the capital allocation line (CAL). Be sure to label your axes.
Indicate the portfolio that consists only of the risk-free asset on your CAL as Point "A". Indicate the
portfolio that consists only of the risky asset on your CAL as Point "B".
(c) Calculate the slope of the Capital Allocation Line.
(d) Suppose that the investor chooses a portfolio weight of y = 1.5. Find the expected return and
standard deviation of the overall…
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You are evaluating various investment opportunities currently available and you have calculated expected returns and standard deviations for five different well-diversified portfolios of risky assets.
PORTFOLIO EXPECTED RETURN STANDARD DEVIATION
Q 7.8% 10.5%
R 10.0% 14.0%
S 4.6% 5.0%
T 11.7% 18.5%
U 6.2% 7.5%
a) For each portfolio, calculate the risk premium per unit of risk that you expect to receive [(E(R) –RFR)/ơ]. Assume that the risk free rate is 3.0%.
b) Using…
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The historical returns for two investments A and B—are summarized in the following table for the period 2016 to 2020, Use the data to answer the questions that follow.
a. On the basis of a review of the return data, which investment appears to be more risky? Why?
b. Calculate the standard deviation for each investment's returns.
c. On the basis of your calculations in part b, which investment is more risky? Compare this conclusion to your observation in part a.
a. On the basis of a review of the return data, which investment appears to be more risky? Why? (Choose the best answer below.)
A. The riskier investment appears to be investment B, with returns that vary widely from the average relative to investment A, whose returns show less deviation from the average.
B. The riskier investment appears to be investment A, with returns that vary widely from the average relative to investment B, whose returns show less deviation from the average.
C. Investment A and investment B have equal risk…
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A. Briefly explain three risk exposures that an analyst should report as part of anenterprise risk management systemB. Define market risk and the economic parameters considered when calculatingmarket risk.C. Explain the concept of ‘beta’ within the framework of the Capital Asset PricingModel (CAPM). Discuss the relevance of the covariance between assets returnsfor an investor wishing to diversify the risk of a portfolio
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Consider a portfolio consisting of the below securities with the below characteristics:
Security Amount Invested($) Beta Expected Return
A 1,5 MIL 1.0 12.0%B 1.0 MIL 1.5 13.5%C 2.0 MIL 0.8 9.0%
Required:a) Calculate the portfolio’s Beta. b) Calculate the portfolio’s expected return. c) Discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) explaining what it is used forand which are its limitations.
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Portfolio manager wants to optimize the riskiness of the two assets portfolio with the given statistics below:-
Assets
Return
Volatility
Weight
A
17.00%
15.00%
40.00%
B
21.00%
25.00%
60.00%
Correlation
-0.70
-0.35
0.25
0.50
0.70
Requirements
Calculate the two assets portfolio standard deviation at different correlation levels which are mentioned above and suggest at which correlation is best suits to your portfolio.
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- PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS Question 1 Fill the parts in the above table that are shaded in yellow. You will notice that there are nine line items. Question 2 Using the data generated in the previous question (Question 1);a) Plot the Security Market Line (SML) b) Superimpose the CAPM’s required return on the SML c) Indicate which investments will plot on, above and below the SML? d) If an investment’s expected return (mean return) does not plot on the SML, what does it show? Identify undervalued/overvalued investments from the graph Question 3 From the information generated in the previous two questions; a) Identify two investment alternatives that can be combined in a portfolio. Assume a 50-50 investment allocation in each investment alternative. b) Compute the expected return of the portfolio thus formed. c) Compute the portfolio’s beta. Is the portfolio aggressive or defensive?arrow_forwardAs a portfolio manager, you are required to take investment decision from the following two alternative scenarios: (Decision Criterion: Select a portfolio on relative risk basis) Scenario 1: Construct a portfolio with 60% investment in ICC: Expected Return (in %) Risk (as Std Div.) Covariance BPL 12 4 BPL & ICC: -1.2 ICC 7 2 Scenario 2: Construct equal weighted portfolios from following securities Expected Return (in %) Risk (as Std Div.) Covariance PSL 11 5 PSL & IPL: 3.75 IPL 8 3arrow_forwardA. Briefly explain three risk exposures that an analyst should report as part of anenterprise risk management system.Page 4 of 10B. Define market risk and the economic parameters considered when calculatingmarket risk.C. Explain the concept of ‘beta’ within the framework of the Capital Asset PricingModel (CAPM). Discuss the relevance of the covariance between assets returnsfor an investor wishing to diversify the risk of a portfolioarrow_forward
- Consider the following performance data for a portfolio manager: Benchmark Portfolio Index Portfolio Weight Weight Return Return Stocks 0.65 0.7 0.11 0.12 Bonds 0.3 0.25 0.07 0.08 Cash 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.025 a.Calculate the percentage return that can be attributed to the asset allocation decision. b.Calculate the percentage return that can be attributed to the security selection decision.arrow_forwardQuestion 1 Fill the parts in the above table that are shaded in yellow. You will notice that there are nineline items. Question 2Using the data generated in the previous question (Question 1);a) Plot the Security Market Line (SML) b) Superimpose the CAPM’s required return on the SML c) Indicate which investments will plot on, above and below the SML? d) If an investment’s expected return (mean return) does not plot on the SML, what doesit show? Identify undervalued/overvalued investments from the grapharrow_forwardReview the table below listing performance metrics for selected assets. The metrics are defined in the same way as in CAPM Return risk beta riskless asset 4% 0% 0 Market Portfolio 9% 24% 1 Fund A 8% 33% 0.4 Fund B 11% 30% 1.5arrow_forward
- Help me pleasearrow_forwardDarren is considering the following investments; Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.: Probability of return (%) Likely Return Alphabet (%) Likely Return PayZero (%) Likely Return FNQ Res. (%) 20 6 4 9 30 9 7 14 40 16 10 19 10 18 14 26 a) Calculate the expected return for each asset.b) Calculate the expected return on a portfolio comprising each asset weighted as follows Asset Weighting (%) Weighting (%) Alphabet 20 PayZero 55 FNQ Res. 25 c) Explain to Darren the benefit of combining the assets into a portfolio instead of undertaking individual investments in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. d) Calculate the risk attached to each of the investments proposed in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. Rank each investment in regard to its risk and return. Discuss the likely range of returns that could eventuate for each asset with a 95% level of accuracy. ONLY ANSWER PART C AND D PLEASEarrow_forwardDarren is considering the following investments; Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res.: Probability of return (%) Likely Return Alphabet (%) Likely Return PayZero (%) Likely Return FNQ Res. (%) 20 6 4 9 30 9 7 14 40 16 10 19 10 18 14 26 a) Calculate the expected return for each asset. b) Calculate the expected return on a portfolio comprising each asset weighted as follows Asset Weighting (%) Weighting (%) Alphabet 20 PayZero 55 FNQ Res. 25 c) Explain to Darren the benefit of combining the assets into a portfolio instead of undertaking individual investments in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. d) Calculate the risk attached to each of the investments proposed in Alphabet, PayZero and FNQ Res. Rank each investment in regard to its risk and return. Discuss the likely range of returns that could eventuate for each asset with a 95% level of accuracy.arrow_forward
- As the chief investment officer for a money management firm specializing in taxable individual investors, you are trying to establish a strategic asset allocation for two different clients. You have established that Ms. A has a risk-tolerance factor of 8, while Mr. B has a risk-tolerance factor of 27. The characteristics for four model portfolios follow: ASSET MIX Bond 93% 75 32 13 Portfolio 1 2 3 4 Stock 7% 25 GB 87 a. Calculate the expected utility of each prospective portfolio for each of the two clients. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places. 1 2 3 Portfolio Ms. A ER 8% 9 10 11 b. Which portfolio represents the optimal strategic allocation for Ms. A? Which portfolio is optimal for Mr. B? Portfollo-Select-represents the optimal strategic allocation for Ms. A. Portfolio Select is the optimal allocation for Mr. B. c. For Ms. A, what level of risk tolerance would leave her indifferent between having Portfolio 1 or Portfolio 2 as her strategic…arrow_forwardSuppose you visit with a financial adviser, and you are considering investing some of your wealth in one of three investment portfolios: stocks, bonds, or commodities. Your financial adviser provides you with the following table, which gives the probabilities of possible returns from each investment: Stocks Bonds Commodities Probability Return Probability Return Probability Return 20% 15% 0.15 20% 0.6 10% 0.2 0.2 12.5% 0.4 7.5% 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.4 3.8% 0.2 0.2 0% To maximize your expected return, you should choose O A. commodities. B. bonds. OC. stocks. OD. All of the portfolios have the same expected returnarrow_forwardConsider the following bootstrapped 3-year performance of an actively managed investor's portfolio and a relevant benchmark: Investor's Portfolio Benchmark Portfolio Iteration Portfolio Value Portfolio Portfolio Value Portfolio Return t=3 Return p.a. t=3 р.а. 1 1.3 9.1% 1.2 6.3% 0.9 -3.5% 0.9 -3.5% 3 0.9 -3.5% 0.8 -7.2% 4 1.2 6.3% 1.1 3.2% 5 1.3 9.1% 1.2 6.3% What is the tracking error of investor's portfolio relative to the benchmark (compounded outperformance) over 3 years (rounded to one decimal place)? Select one: O a. 1.4% ОБ. 2.7% O. 4.5% O d. 4.6% O e. None of the abovearrow_forward
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