ENGR201-2024 lab2-(Part 1 of 2) - Node Voltages and Resistive Sensors
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Oregon State University
Lab Session #2 (Part 1 of 2)
ENGR 201 Electrical Fundamentals I
(Ecampus)
Node Voltages and Resistive Sensors
Ed Rissberger 4/12/2024 V3
EXPERIMENTAL LAB #2 (Part 1 of 1) – NODE VOLTAGES AND RESISTIVE
SENSORS
This set of laboratory experiments is to be completed with your lab partners. While each
student has a complete kit of parts it is recommended that partners work together
(Virtually or Physically) as this will help the learning process. Your lab partner is the
first resource to utilize to answer questions, check progress and just check if you are on
the right track. Please keep this handout, and make sure to write down (and keep) all calculations and
measurements you make. A brief, written lab report from each lab group
is due to receive
credit for the lab. The lab report should include names of the members of the lab group,
lab group number, answers to all bold questions in this lab handout, as well as all
drawings/tables described. In this lab you will solve the same problems by hand, lab
measurement, and simulation. You MUST include all your work for all three methods
for full credit. The written procedure contained in this document contains all the information necessary
to conduct the lab. However, in the on-line environment it has been found that
additional guidance is helpful for the students. For that reason there is an introductory
video provided with each lab, which attempts to ‘show’ you some of the tricky parts of the
lab. It is recommended to view it prior to starting the lab. PROCEDURE
1.
Voltage Ladder
1.1.A string of series resistors can be combined to form a multi-output voltage divider,
called a voltage ladder. An example of this is shown in Figure 1. (Note: You will
see variations on this circuit on many exams, homework, and labs in both
ENGR201 and ENGR202. The components will vary, but the fundamental
property of a single source with components in series will remain the same. This
is something you should invest the time to be able to recognize and solve it
without pause) Page 1 of 7
220 Ω
2.2 kΩ
10 kΩ
22 kΩ
10 V
A
B
C
D
E
I
Figure 1 - Circuit diagram of a voltage ladder
Q1.1
:
Calculate the node voltage you expect at each node (V
A
, V
B
, V
C
, V
D
), relative
to node E (i.e. V
E = 0V)
. Show all your work.
Q1.2
: Calculate the expected current (I) you would expect to measure.
Q1.3
: Setup up the circuit in LTSPICE. Simulate the circuit to determine the
same node voltages you found in Q1.1.
Q1.4: Use the LTSPICE simulation to find the current. 1.2.Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 on your breadboard. Q1.5
: Include a photograph of your experimental setup.
Q1.6
: Measure and record the voltage at each node (V
A
, V
B
, V
C
, V
D
), relative to
node E (V
E = 0V). Record your measurement in Table 1.
Q1.7
: Measure and record the current (I). (Remember that you will need to break
the circuit to properly use the ammeter and measure current, as the ammeter only
measures current passing through
it.). Record your measurement in Table 1.
Q1.8
: Are the voltage and current values close to what you calculated and
simulated in Q1.1 – Q1.4
? Fill out Table 1 to clearly document your results.
Table 1: Resistor Ladder Results
Item
Hand Calculation
LTSPICE
Simulation
Lab Measurement
Va (Volts)
Vb (Volts)
Vc (Volts)
Vd (Volts)
Current (mA)
Page 2 of 7
2.
Ambient Light Sensor
2.1.For certain semiconductor materials, the resistivity of the material changes under
certain conditions. One such material, cadmium sulfide, changes its resistivity
when exposed to light. This material can be used to create a light-sensitive
variable resistor called a photocell or photoresistor. Get the photocell from your
lab kit, and measure its resistance using your DMM. There will be some
variations in all photocell measurements due to the ambient lighting and the
degree to which light is blocked during the experiment. Here are some
suggestions to improve the consistency of your results (You are still going to see
significant variation. This isn’t an experiment that you are going to match to the
second digit).
Build the circuit on your bread board before taking any measurements. (To
measure the resistance of the photocell you need to isolate from the circuit and
power supply).
Try to use artificial light via a fixed lamp rather than ambient light. Don’t try
to use the flashlight from your cell phone as it will vary too much. I had
ambient light and it changed during my measurements. Be careful not to
change the artificial light setup once you start (e.g. don’t move or bump the
lamp).
Try to be quick in making the measurements to reduce ambient light variation.
If you have a significant variation, particularly in the light case, try measuring
the resistance again when you are done.
Q2.1
: What is the resistance of the photocell when exposed to ambient room
light?
Q2.2
: What is the resistance of the photocell when you block the light with your
hand?
2.2.Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2, which uses a photocell to construct a
voltage divider. Vo
10V
2.2 kΩ
Photocell
Vout
I
Page 3 of 7
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