First Fall 2023 CM 2100 -Final Exam Study Guide Module 1-7

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Louisiana State University *

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Civil Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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MODULE 1 Chapter One - Making Buildings Making Buildings Thought Points  Focus on some of the important ways in which building codes affect the design of buildings. Building codes include provisions for adjusting building height, area, and fire resistance requirements.  Be mindful of the LEED green building rating systems for new construction. Key Terms Sustainability: Providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs. Providing healthy, resource-conserving, and energy efficient buildings. Environmental labels: Information or certifications used to describe the composition, environmental performance, or life-cycle impacts of a construction material or product. Global warming potential: A material or product's life-cycle contribution to global warming, caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Life-cycle analysis (LCA), Cradle-to-grave analysis: A comprehensive method of describing the environmental impacts of a material or product, accounting for all phases of its life from original resource extraction through final disposal or recycling; also called cradle-to-grave analysis. Embodied energy: The total energy consumption associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle. Cradle-to-gate analysis: A life-cycle analysis extending from original resource extraction only so far as when the material or product leaves its place of manufacture. Embodied water: The total freshwater consumption associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle. Embodied carbon: The total carbon emissions associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle. Specifications: The written portion of the construction documents, concerning the quality of materials and execution of construction procedures required for a building. Construction documents: The graphic construction drawings and written specifications to which a building is constructed. Zoning ordinance: A law that specifies how land within a jurisdiction may be used. Building code: A set of regulations intended to ensure a minimum standard of health and safety in buildings. Model building code: A code that is offered by a recognized national organization as worthy of adoption by state or local governments. National Building Code of Canada: The predominant Canadian model building code. International Building Code (IBC): The predominant U.S. model building codes. Occupancy: In the International Building Code, a definition of the types of activities that occur within the building ora part of the building, relating to considerations of life safety. Construction type: In the International Building Code, any of five major systems of building construction that are differentiated by their relative resistance to fire. Fire resistance rating: The time, in minutes or hours, that a material or assembly will resist fire exposure as determined by ASTM E119. Bearing wall: A wall that carries structural loads from floors, roofs, or walls above. Nonbearing wall, partition: An interior nonloadbearing wall. Heavy Timber construction: A type of wood construction made from large wood members and solid timber decking in a post-and-beam configuration; in the International Building Code, buildings of Type IV HT construction, consisting of heavy timber interior construction and noncombustible exterior walls, which are considered to have moderate fire-resistive properties. International Residential Code (IRC): See International Building Code. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): A federal regulation establishing equal access for persons with disabilities to public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation facilities. Access standard: A set of regulations or technical standards ensuring that buildings are accessible and usable by physically handicapped members of the population. ASTM International: Formerly, American Society for Testing and Materials. An organization that promulgates standards for testing, materials, and methods of building construction. American National Standards Institute (ANSI): An organization that fosters the establishment of voluntary industrial standards. Master Format: The trademarked title of a uniform indexing system for construction specifications, created by the Construction Specifications Institute and Construction Specifications Canada. UniFormat: The trademarked name for a system of organizing building information based on functional relationships. OmniClass Construction Classification System: The trademarked name for a system of describing building information encompassing a broad range of possible organizing criteria. Design / bid / build: A method of providing design and construction services in which the design and construction phases of the project are provided by different entities, usually used in combination with sequential construction. General contractor: A construction entity with responsibility for the overall conduct of a construction project. Subcontractor: A contractor who specializes in one area of construction activity and who works under a general CO2tractor. Design / build: A method of providing design and construction services in which the design and construction phases of the project are provided by a single entity; frequently used in combination with fast track construction. Construction manager: An entity that assists the owner in the procurement of construction services. Sequential construction: A method of providing design and construction services in which each major phase of design and construction is completed before the next phase is begun. Phased construction, fast track construction: A method of providing design and construction services in which design and construction overlap in time; also called phased construction. Gantt chart, bar chart: A graphic representation of a construction schedule, using a series of horizontal bars representing the duration of various tasks or groups of tasks that make up the project. Critical path: The sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a construction project can be completed.

Guided Reading Questions Answers

1. The construction and operation of buildings only accounts for a small amount of the world’s energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. FALSE 2. Building construction and operation contribute to many forms of environmental degradation and place a significant burden on the earth’s resources. TRUE 3. Sprawling buildings tend to consume prime agricultural land and degrade natural ecosystems. TRUE 4. The construction and operation of buildings does not affect the quality of the air but does pollute water and soil. FALSE 5. The definition of sustainability has expanded to address the human health impacts of buildings and to include issues of social and economic fairness. TRUE 6. Though ideal, it’s impossible to design a sustainable building that consumes no energy or even generates excess energy, causes no air pollution or even helps clean the atmosphere, and so on. FALSE 7. Sustainable building performance continues to improve while the premium in cost and effort to design and construct such buildings continue to rise as well. FALSE 8. Reducing reliance on electrical lighting also reduces excess heat generated from electrical lighting which allows the building’s cooling system to be reduced in capacity and physical size. TRUE 9. The Green Building Council provides sustainability ratings to new buildings as well as already existing ones. TRUE 10. The highest goal of The International Living Future Institute’s Living Building Challenge is the aspiration to designs buildings that do less environmental harm. FALSE 11. Designing sustainable buildings requires access to information about the environmental and health impacts of the materials used in their construction. TRUE 12. Information about building materials and products come from a single standardized source. FALSE 13. Information about building materials and products may be self-reported by the product manufacturer, or it may come from an independent, trusted third party. TRUE. 14. The scope of information provided on a Product Data Sheet (PDS) is left entirely to the manufacturer, and the information is not independently verified. TRUE 15. Environmental labels, also called ecolabels, are third-party environmental ratings. TRUE 16. Product disclosures and ecolabels always rate the sustainability of a product in a standardized format for easy comparison of alternative materials or products. FALSE 17. Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) describe the full, life-cycle environmental impacts of building materials and products. TRUE

18. The environmental impacts of alternative building designs can be meaningfully compared through life-cycle analysis documented in Environmental Building Declarations (EBDs). TRUE 19. Much of the environmental reporting provided by product manufacturers is developed according to the international series of standards designated ISO 14020, which loosely outlines the development and use of environmental labels and declarations, but the standards are not widely recognized. FALSE 20. A life-cycle analysis (LCA), or cradle-to-grave analysis, is one of the most comprehensive methods for quantifying the environmental impacts associated with materials and buildings. TRUE 21. The environmental footprint of a material is calculated through tallying up the impacts associated with a material’s manufacturing and construction. FALSE 22. Embodied energy shows the sum total of energy consumed during a material’s life cycle, and a higher embodied energy is assumed to be better for the environment. FALSE 23. A cradle-to-gate analysis follows a material from extraction up until the material leaves the factory, excluding the effects of transportation, installation, maintenance, and disposal or recycling. TRUE 24. Embodied water refers to the fresh water consumed as a consequence of building with a particular material. TRUE 25. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) also helps assess the loss of biodiversity, decreased water quality, or soil erosion caused by the extraction of a material. FALSE 26. The creation of health product declarations (HPDs) is defined by the HPD Collaborative, an independent organization that provides reliable and consistent information about material ingredients and associated human and environmental health hazards. TRUE 27. Human product declarations (HPDs) are a certification and rating tool used to provide important information on the healthfulness of a product. FALSE 28. Preconsumer recycled materials originate as byproducts of manufacturing processes. TRUE 29. Postconsumer recycled materials are generated when a consumer adapts a product for their own personal use after its original usefulness has been used up. FALSE 30. When assessing recycled content in the LEED system, preconsumer and postconsumer waste is counted at only half its weight or cost. FALSE 31. Bio-based materials are produced by agricultural or animal biological processes. TRUE 32. Bio-based materials are biodegradable or compostable, and carbon-neutral. TRUE 33. Rapidly renewable materials are grown and harvested in a relatively short life span. TRUE 34. Regional, or locally sourced, materials are more environmentally friendly by reducing the amount of energy needed to grow or produce the material. FALSE

35. Appropriate material choices and design can reduce heat losses, moderate peak heating and cooling loads, and support passive heating and cooling strategies, all of which contribute to higher energy performance. TRUE 36. Material and production attributes offer transparently disposed information such as material ingredients, recycled content, rapidly renewable or bio-based material content, and the geographic source of raw materials. TRUE 37. Some of the potential sources of chemical air pollutants that can be harmful to construction workers and building occupants are coatings, sealants, adhesives, wood composites, insulation materials, wall and floor coverings, ceiling materials, and furniture. TRUE 38. Building commissioning (Cx) is a process to ensure that finished buildings all comply with sustainability standards. FALSE 39. Construction documents are composed of drawings and specifications produced by the architect/engineer team to describe how the building is made and of what. TRUE 40. Zoning ordinances are used to prevent single story buildings being built in urban areas. FALSE 41. In the United States, the predominant model code is the International Building Code (IBC). TRUE 42. A material’s fire resistance is ranked based on construction types with type 5 being the most fire-resistant and type 1 being the most flammable. FALSE 43. The IBC’s purpose in describing occupancies is to identify different degrees of life-safety hazard in buildings. TRUE 44. Fire resistance ratings are derived from large-scale laboratory tests carried out in accordance with standards typically set by the individual companies conducting the test. FALSE 45. One of the standards established by the IBC is with regards to natural lighting. TRUE 46. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes accessibility to public buildings a civil right of all Americans. TRUE 47. ASTM International is a government organization in the United States that establishes the standard specifications for materials and methods of construction. FALSE 48.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is another private organization that certifies North American standards for a broad range of products, such as exterior windows and mechanical components of buildings. TRUE 49. MasterFormat is a comprehensive outline for organizing information about construction materials and systems. TRUE 50. The OmniClass Construction Classification System is an overarching scheme that attempts to incorporate multiple existing building information organizational systems, including MasterFormat, UniFormat, an others, into one system. TRUE 51. In the traditional design/bid/build project delivery, the bidder chosen for the contract is selected by highest bid price. FALSE 52. The firm chosen for the design/bid/build project acts as the subcontractors to perform significant portions or even all of the work. FALSE 53. Among the advantages of design/bid/build project delivery are its easy-to-understand organizational scheme, well-established legal precedents, and relative simplicity of management. TRUE

54. A design/build project begins when the owner developing a conceptual design or program that describes the functional or performance requirements of the proposed facility including detail of its form and how it is to be constructed. FALSE 55. Design/build project delivery gives the owner a single source of accountability for all aspects of the project. TRUE 56. As in design/build construction, the construction manager participates in the project prior to the onset of construction, introducing construction expertise during the design stage. TRUE 57.In turnkey construction, an owner contracts with multiple entities that provide the design, construction services, and financing for the project as well. FALSE 58. A single-purpose entity consists of the owner, architect, and contractor as joint members. TRUE 59. Means of egress describes how far back a building sits from the road. FALSE 60. Swimming pools are regulated by health codes that also govern food-service operations, schools, and healthcare facilities. TRUE 61. Fixed-fee, or lump-sum, compensation means the general contractor or other construction entity is paid at the end of the project after the actual cost of the project is once. FALSE 62. Cost plus a fee compensation means the owner pays the construction entity for the actual cost of construction—whatever that may turn out to be—plus an additional amount to account for overhead and profit. TRUE 63. Guaranteed maximum price (GMAX or GMP) compensation describes the maximum fee the owner may be required to pay. Until reaching that maximum, the compensation is handled as regular cost plus a fee. TRUE 64. Incentive provisions are set through agreements between owner and contractor to reward a contractor for timely and professional attitude throughout the project. FALSE 65. Surety bonds are bought from third party to protect the owner from the risks of default by the construction contractor—a performance bond assures the completion of the construction, and a payment bond assures full payment to suppliers and subcontractors. TRUE 67. In sequential construction, each major phase in the design and construction of a building is completed before the next phase begins, and construction does not start until all design work has been completed. TRUE 68. In phased construction, or fast track construction, each major phase in the design and construction of a building is completed before the next phase begins, and construction does not start until all design work has been completed. FALSE 69. A Gantt chart consists of a series of horizontal bars used to represent the various teams working on different parts of a project, providing an easy-to-understand representation of construction tasks and who is in responsible for it. FALSE 70. The critical path of a project is the sequence of activities that determines the least amount of time in which a project can be completed. TRUE 71. The critical path method (CPM) is a technique for optimizing the deployment of the right number of people to work on a certain task in order to fulfill the project’s critical path. FALSE

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