arcH FINALS QUESTION

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Northern Lights College *

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200

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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1. Why are contemporary archaeologists and anthropologists critical of Morgan's and Childe's conception of the origin of agriculture? Answer: Criticized for oversimplification, neglecting regional variations, and ignoring diverse pathways in the transition to agriculture. 2. How do Rindos's ideas about the origins of agriculture differ from Ingold's? Answer: Rindos emphasizes coevolution, highlighting a symbiotic relationship between plant and animal species. Ingold sees the shift from hunting to agriculture as a move from trust to domination. 3. Why did Childe choose to describe the origin of agriculture as the Neolithic Revolution? Answer: Childe used the term to describe the transformative impact of agriculture on human society, emphasizing a radical change in various aspects. 4. Can the development of agriculture in the Middle East be described as a "Neolithic Revolution"? Answer: Yes, the development of agriculture in the Middle East can be described as a Neolithic Revolution, marking a fundamental shift in subsistence strategies and societal organization. 5. In what ways does the Natufian period differ from the preceding Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran period? Answer: Natufian period practiced broad-spectrum subsistence, differing from the preceding Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran periods in resource exploitation. 6. What is the evidence and significance of ritual behavior during the Early Neolithic? Answer: Evidence includes burial practices, symbolic artifacts, and ritual structures. Significance lies in the emergence of symbolic behavior, possibly linked to social cohesion or religious beliefs. 7. What are the opposing views of how agriculture came to be adopted in Europe? Answer: Views range from population pressure (Boserup) to environmental exploitation (Cohen). 8. Why is the LBK significant to this debate? Answer: LBK is significant as its spread is considered both a contributing factor and a consequence of the shift to agriculture in Europe. 9. What is known about the initial domestication of squash and maize?

Answer: Maize and squash were initially domesticated in Mesoamerica, with evidence of cultivation and selection by ancient societies. 10. What impact did the spread of maize have on Southwest Archaic societies? Was the effect the same throughout the region? Answer: Maize cultivation transformed subsistence strategies, leading to increased sedentism and population growth in Southwest Archaic societies. 11. What was the social and economic context surrounding the construction of the Adena and Hopewell mounds? Answer: Mounds were likely associated with social and religious activities, indicating a complex social structure and possibly a ritualistic or ceremonial function. 12. What is the basis for Watson and Kennedy's critique of models for the origin of agriculture in eastern North America? What model do they propose? Answer: Critique: They question existing models for the origin of agriculture in eastern North America. Proposed Model: They suggest a more nuanced model, considering environmental diversity and adaptability. 13. Do any aspects of the pattern of domestication in the Middle East fit in with the case studies in this chapter? Answer: Middle East domestication patterns align with broad spectrum adaptation, exploiting a wide range of plant and animal resources. 14. In what ways was the origin of agriculture in New Guinea unique? Answer: Agriculture in New Guinea involved unique plant and animal species, with a combination of cultivation and hunting-gathering practices. 15. What does Bruce Smith mean by a territory "in between" hunting and gathering, on the one hand, and farming, on the other? What are some examples of such "in- between" societies? Answer: Refers to societies transitioning between hunting-gathering and farming. Examples include groups cultivating certain plants while still relying on wild resources. 16. What generalizations can be made about pottery and the origins of agriculture? Answer: Pottery often correlates with settled agricultural societies, indicating food storage and sedentary lifestyles. 17. How did Stonehenge fit into a large settlement landscape? Is it associated with a large settlement or other monuments?

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